The management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care
References

1. Singleton N, Bumpstead R, O’Brien M, Lee A, Meltzer H. Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households, 2000: the report of a survey carried out by Social Survey Division of the Office for National Statistics on behalf of the Department of Health, the Scottish Executive and the National Assembly for Wales. London: The Stationery Office; 2001. [cited 11 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme%5Fhealth/psychmorb.pdf [back]

2. Scottish Executive Health Department. Plan for action on alcohol problems. Edinburgh: The Department; 2002. [cited 11 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.alcoholinformation.isdscotland.org/alcohol_misuse/AI_MainPage.jsp?pContentID=2054 [back] [section 1.1] [section 5.1.2] [section 7.1]

3. Buchan IC, Buckley EG, Deacon GL, Irvine R, Ryan MP. Problem drinkers and their problems. J R Coll Gen Pract 1981;31(224):151-3. [back]

4. Anderson P. Managing alcohol problems in general practice. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290(6485):1873-5. [back]

5. Greater Glasgow Health Board. Alcohol strategy consultation document. Glasgow: The Board; 2000. [cited 11 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/gghb/PubsReps/strats/alcohol/ [back]

6. Graham L. The epidemiology of alcohol problems in Lothian [unpublished report]. Edinburgh: Lothian Health; 1997. [back]

7. Holt S, Stewart IC, Dixon JM, Elton RA, Taylor TV, Little K. Alcohol and the emergency patient. Br Med J 1980;281(6241):638-40. [back]

8. Deehan A, Templeton L, Taylor C, Drummond C, Strang J. How do general practitioners manage alcohol-misusing patients? Results from a national survey of GPs in England and Wales. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998;17(3):259-66. [back]

9. Thakker KD. An overview of health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22(7 Suppl):285S-98S. [back]

10. Greenfield TK. Individual risk of alcohol related disease and problems. In: Heather N, Peters TJ, Stockwell T, editors. International handbook of alcohol dependence and problems. Chichester: Wiley; 2001. p.413-37. [back]

11. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Arico S. Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction 1999;94(10):1551-73. [back]

12. Edwards G. The individual’s drinking and degree of risk. In: Edwards G, Anderson P, Babor TF, Casswell S, Ferrence R, Giesbrecht N, et al., editors. Alcohol policy and the public good. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. p.41-74. [back]

13. Anderson P, Cremona A, Paton A, Turner C, Wallace P. The risk of alcohol. Addiction 1993;88(11):1493-508. [back]

14. Morgan MY, Ritson B. Alcohol and health: a handbook for students and medical practitioners. 4th ed. London: Medical Council on Alcohol; 2003. [back]

15. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th ed. Geneva: The Organization; 1992. [back] [section 1.2.3] [section 1.2.4]

16. Royal College of Physicians of London. Alcohol - can the NHS afford it? London: The College; 2001. [back]

17. Holt S, Skinner HA, Israel Y. Early identification of alcohol abuse: 2: Clinical and laboratory indicators. Can Med Assoc J 1981;124(10):1279-94,99. [back]

18. Wallace PG, Haines AP. General practitioner and health promotion: what patients think. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289(6444):534-6. [back]

19. Richmond R, Kehoe L, Heather N, Wodak A, Webster I. General practitioners’ promotion of healthy life styles: what patients think. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996;20(2):195-200. [back]

20. Babor TF, Steinberg K, Anton R, Del Boca F. Talk is cheap: measuring drinking outcomes in clinical trials. J Stud Alcohol 2000;61(1):55-63. [back]

21. Rollnick S, Kinnersley P, Stott N. Methods of helping patients with behaviour change. BMJ 1993;307(6897):188-90. [back]

22. Bradley KA, Boyd-Wickizer J, Powell SH, Burman ML. Alcohol screening questionnaires in women: a critical review. JAMA 1998;280(2):166-71. [back]

23. Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O’Connor PG. Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(13):1977-89. [back]

24. Thom B, Herring R, Judd A. Identifying alcohol-related harm in young drinkers: the role of accident and emergency departments. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34(6):910-5. [back]

25. Russell M, Martier SS, Sokol RJ, Mudar P, Jacobson S, Jacobson J. Detecting risk drinking during pregnancy: a comparison of four screening questionnaires. Am J Public Health 1996;86(10):1435-9. [back]

26. Chang G, Wilkins-Haug L, Berman S, Goetz MA, Behr H, Hiley A. Alcohol use and pregnancy: improving identification. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(6):892-8. [back]

27. Gordon AJ, Maisto SA, McNeil M, Kraemer KL, Conigliaro RL, Kelley ME, et al. Three questions can detect hazardous drinkers. J Fam Pract 2001;50(4):313-20. [back]

28. Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Ansoms S, Fevery J. Screening properties of questionnaires and laboratory tests for the detection of alcohol abuse or dependence in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 2001;51(464):206-17. [back]

29. Taj N, Devera-Sales A, Vinson DC. Screening for problem drinking: does a single question work? J Fam Pract 1998;46(4):328-35. [back]

30. Bradley KA, Bush KR, McDonell MB, Malone T, Fihn SD. Screening for problem drinking: comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13(6):379-88. [back]

31. Hodgson R, Alwyn T, John B, Thom B, Smith A. The FAST Alcohol Screening Test. Alcohol Alcohol 2002;37(1):61-6. [back] [section 2.2] [annex 3]

32. Ludbrook A, Godfrey C, Wyness L, Parrott S, Haw S, Napper M, et al. Effective and cost-effective measures to reduce alcohol misuse in Scotland: a literature review. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive; 2001. [cited 12 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-00.asp [back] [section 2.2] [section 5.5]

33. Friedmann PD, Saitz R, Gogineni A, Zhang JX, Stein MD. Validation of the screening strategy in the NIAAA “Physicians’ Guide to Helping Patients with Alcohol Problems”. J Stud Alcohol 2001;62(2):234-8. [back]

34. National Health Service in Scotland, Management Executive. The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Regulations 1995. Edinburgh: Scottish Office; 1995. [cited 3 Sep 2002]. Available from url: http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/publications/publications/GMSregulations.pdf [back]

35. UK Alcohol Forum. Guidelines for the management of alcohol problems in primary care and general psychiatry. London: The Forum; 2001. [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.ukalcoholforum.org/pages/alcoholguidelineset.htm [back] [section 2.2] [section 3.4] [section 4.2.1] [section 4.3.1]

36. Scouller K, Conigrave KM, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Whitfield JB. Should we use carbohydrate-deficient transferrin instead of gamma-glutamyltransferase for detecting problem drinkers? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Chem 2000;46(12):1894-902. [back]

37. Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem 2000;46(12):2050-68. [back]

38. Salaspuro M. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as compared to other markers of alcoholism: a systematic review. Alcohol 1999;19(3):261-71. [back]

39. Anton RF, Stout RL, Roberts JS, Allen JP. The effect of drinking intensity and frequency on serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels in outpatient alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22(7):1456-62. [back]

40. Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield JB, Saunders JB, Helander A, Tabakoff B, et al. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(3):332-9. [back]

41. Ryb GE, Soderstrom CA, Kufera JA, Dischinger PC, Ho SM. Use of blood alcohol concentration and laboratory tests to detect current alcohol dependence in trauma center patients. J Trauma 1999;47(5):874-9. [back]

42. Smolle KH, Hofmann G, Kaufmann P, Lueger A, Brunner G. Q.E.D. Alcohol test: a simple and quick method to detect ethanol in saliva of patients in emergency departments. Comparison with the conventional determination in blood. Intensive Care Med 1999;25(5):492-5. [back]

43. Bates ME, Martin CS. Immediate, quantitative estimation of blood alcohol concentration from saliva. J Stud Alcohol 1997;58(5):531-8. [back]

44. Department of Health. We don’t have to take this: resource pack. London: The Department; 2000. [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.nhs.uk/zerotolerance/downloads/nhs_ztz.pdf [back]

45. Bien TH, Miller WR, Tonigan JS. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. Addiction 1993;88(3):315-35. [back]

46. Kahan M, Wilson L, Becker L. Effectiveness of physician-based interventions with problem drinkers: a review. CMAJ 1995;152(6):851-9. [back]

47. Wilk AI, Jensen NM, Havighurst TC. Meta-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief interventions in heavy alcohol drinkers. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12(5):274-83. [back]

48. Poikolainen K. Effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce alcohol intake in primary health care populations: a meta-analysis. Prev Med 1999;28(5):503-9. [back]

49. Aalto M, Saksanen R, Laine P, Forsstrom R, Raikaa M, Kiviluoto M, et al. Brief intervention for female heavy drinkers in routine general practice: a 3-year randomized, controlled study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24(11):1680-6. [back]

50. Aalto M, Seppa K, Mattila P, Mustonen H, Ruuth K, Hyvarinen H, et al. Brief intervention for male heavy drinkers in routine general practice: a three-year randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol 2001;36(3):224-30. [back]

51. Fleming MF, Manwell LB, Barry KL, Adams W, Stauffacher EA. Brief physician advice for alcohol problems in older adults: a randomized community-based trial. J Fam Pract 1999;48(5):378-84. [back]

52. Maisto SA, Conigliaro J, McNeil M, Kraemer K, Conigliaro RL, Kelley ME. Effects of two types of brief intervention and readiness to change on alcohol use in hazardous drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 2001;62(5):605-14. [back]

53. Manwell LB, Fleming MF, Mundt MP, Stauffacher EA, Barry KL. Treatment of problem alcohol use in women of childbearing age: results of a brief intervention trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24(10):1517-24. [back] [section 3.1] [section 3.3]

54. Ockene JK, Adams A, Hurley TG, Wheeler EV, Hebert JR. Brief physician- and nurse practitioner-delivered counseling for high-risk drinkers: does it work? Arch Intern Med 1999;159(18):2198-205. [back]

55. Senft RA, Polen MR, Freeborn DK, Hollis JF. Brief intervention in a primary care setting for hazardous drinkers. Am J Prev Med 1997;13(6):464-70. [back]

56. A cross-national trial of brief interventions with heavy drinkers. WHO Brief Intervention Study Group. Am J Public Health 1996;86(7):948-55. [back]

57. Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE, Vergun P. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction 2002;97(3):279-92. [back]

58. Fleming MF, Barry KL, Manwell LB, Johnson K, London R. Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers. A randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices. JAMA 1997;277(13):1039-45. [back]

59. Longabaugh R, Woolard RE, Nirenberg TD, Minugh AP, Becker B, Clifford PR, et al. Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in the emergency department. J Stud Alcohol 2001;62(6):806-16. [back] [section 3.1] [section 3.2]

60. Mullen PD, Simons-Morton DG, Ramirez G, Frankowski RF, Green LW, Mains DA. A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient education and counseling for three groups of preventive health behaviors. Patient Educ Couns 1997;32(3):157-73. [back]

61. Waller S, Naidoo B, Thom B. Prevention and reduction of alcohol misuse: evidence briefing. London: Health Development Agency; 2002. [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://194.83.94.67/niche_docs/EB_DATABASE_CONTENT/HTML_database_content/EBBD-Alcohol.html [back]

62. Wutzke SE, Conigrave KM, Saunders JB, Hall WD. The long-term effectiveness of brief interventions for unsafe alcohol consumption: a 10-year follow-up. Addiction 2002;97(6):665-75. [back]

63. Fleming MF, Mundt MP, French MT, Manwell LB, Stauffacher EA, Barry KL. Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: long-term efficacy and benefit-cost analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(1):36-43. [back]

64. Kristenson H, Osterling A, Nilsson JA, Lindgarde F. Prevention of alcohol-related deaths in middle-aged heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(4):478-84. [back]

65. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease following myocardial infarction. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2000. (SIGN publication no. 41). [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/41/index.html [back]

66. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 1997;277(9):739-45. [back]

67. Richmond R, Heather N, Wodak A, Kehoe L, Webster I. Controlled evaluation of a general practice-based brief intervention for excessive drinking. Addiction 1995;90(1):119-32. [back]

68. Wallace P, Cutler S, Haines A. Randomised controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in patients with excessive alcohol consumption. BMJ 1988;297(6649):663-8. [back]

69. Anderson P, Scott E. The effect of general practitioners’ advice to heavy drinking men. Br J Addict 1992;87(6):891-900. [back]

70. Scott E, Anderson P. Randomized controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in women with excessive alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Rev 1990;10(4):313-21. [back]

71. Kaner E, Lock C, Heather N, McNamee P, Bond S. Promoting brief alcohol intervention by nurses in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. In press 2003. [back]

72. Kaner EF, Lock CA, McAvoy BR, Heather N, Gilvarry E. A RCT of three training and support strategies to encourage implementation of screening and brief alcohol intervention by general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49(446):699-703. [back]

73. Lock CA, Kaner EF, Heather N, McAvoy BR, Gilvarry E. A randomized trial of three marketing strategies to disseminate a screening and brief alcohol intervention programme to general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49(446):695-8. [back]

74. Kaner EF, Wutzke S, Saunders JB, Powell A, Morawski J, Bouix JC. Impact of alcohol education and training on general practitioners’ diagnostic and management skills: findings from a World Health Organization collaborative study. J Stud Alcohol 2001;62(5):621-7. [back]

75. Batel P, Pessione F, Bouvier AM, Rueff B. Prompting alcoholics to be referred to an alcohol clinic: the effectiveness of a simple letter. Addiction 1995;90(6):811-4. [back]

76. Monti PM, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Spirito A, Rohsenow DJ, Myers M, et al. Brief intervention for harm reduction with alcohol-positive older adolescents in a hospital emergency department. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67(6):989-94. [back]

77. Peters J, Brooker C, McCabe C, Short N. Problems encountered with opportunistic screening for alcohol-related problems in patients attending an accident and emergency department. Addiction 1998;93(4):589-94. [back]

78. Health Education Board for Scotland. Alcohol - safe in pregnancy? The Board; 2003. [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.hebs.scot.nhs.uk/readysteadybaby/pregnancy/health.htm [back]

79. Chang G, Wilkins-Haug L, Berman S, Goetz MA. Brief intervention for alcohol use in pregnancy: a randomized trial. Addiction 1999;94(10):1499-508. [back]

80. Rollnick S. Behaviour change in practice: targeting individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20(Suppl 1):S22-6. [back]

81. Dunn C, Deroo L, Rivara FP. The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioural domains: a systematic review. Addiction 2001;96(12):1725-42. [back]

82. Hayashida M, Alterman AI, McLellan AT, O’Brien CP, Purtill JJ, Volpicelli JR, et al. Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient detoxification of patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989;320(6):358-65. [back]

83. Bennie C. A comparison of home detoxification and minimal intervention strategies for problem drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol 1998;33(2):157-63. [back]

84. Klijnsma MP, Cameron ML, Burns TP, McGuigan SM. Out-patient alcohol detoxification-outcome after 2 months. Alcohol Alcohol 1995;30(5):669-73. [back]

85. Bartu A, Saunders W. Domiciliary detoxification: a cost effective alternative to inpatient treatment. Aust J Adv Nurs 1994;11(4):12-8. [back]

86. Stockwell T, Bolt L, Milner I, Pugh P, Young I. Home detoxification for problem drinkers: acceptability to clients, relatives, general practitioners and outcome after 60 days. Br J Addict 1990;85(1):61-70. [back]

87. CRAG/SCOTMEG Working Group on Mental Illness. The management of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: a good practice statement. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Scottish Office; 1998. [back] [section 4.2.1] [section 4.5]

88. Mayo-Smith MF. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA 1997;278(2):144-51. [back] [section 4.3.2] [section 4.3.3] [section 4.3.8]

89. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ 1999;160(5):649-55. [back]

90. Williams D, McBride AJ. The drug treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol 1998;33(2):103-15. [back] [section 4.3.2] [section 4.3.5]

91. Moscowitz G, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Fagerstrom RH, Smith H Jr. Deficiencies of clinical trials of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1983;7(1):42-6. [back]

92. Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Harrison M, Devenyi P, Roach C, Sykora K. Diazepam loading: simplified treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983;34(6):822-6. [back] [section 4.3.2] [section 4.3.9]

93. British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary. London: The Association, The Society; 2003. [cited 13 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.bnf.org [back]

94. Hill A, Williams D. Hazards associated with the use of benzodiazepines in alcohol detoxification. J Subst Abuse Treat 1993;10(5):449-51. [back]

95. Ritson B, Chick J. Comparison of two benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: effects on symptoms and cognitive recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986;18(4):329-34. [back]

96. Miller WC Jr, McCurdy L. A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Clin Ther 1984;6(3):364-71. [back]

97. Griffiths RR, Wolf B. Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10(4):237-43. [back]

98. Serfaty M, Masterton G. Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s. Br J Psychiatry 1993;163:386-93. [back] [section 4.3.4] [section 4.3.5]

99. Information and Statistics Division. Drug misuse statistics Scotland 2001. Edinburgh: The Division; 2002. [cited 14 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.drugmisuse.isdscotland.org/publications/abstracts/drugstats2001.htm [back]

100. Burroughs AK, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Double-blind controlled trial of bromocriptine, chlordiazepoxide and chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol Alcohol 1985;20(3):263-71. [back]

101. McInnes GT. Chlormethiazole and alcohol: a lethal cocktail. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;294(6572):592. [back]

102. Naik PC, Lawton J, Brownell LW. Comparing general practitioner and specialist alcohol services in the management of alcohol withdrawal. Psychiatr Bull 2000;24(6):214-5. [back]

103. AstraZeneca UK Limited. Heminevrin capsules. Electronic Medicines Compendium; 2003. [cited 14 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=175 [back]

104. Wetterling T, Driessen M, Kanitz RD, Junghanns K. The severity of alcohol withdrawal is not age dependent. Alcohol Alcohol 2001;36(1):75-8. [back]

105. Kraemer KL, Mayo-Smith MF, Calkins DR. Impact of age on the severity, course, and complications of alcohol withdrawal. Arch Intern Med 1997;157(19):2234-41. [back]

106. Berglund M, Andréasson S, Franck J, Fridell M, Håkanson I, Johansson B, et al. Treatment of alcohol and drug abuse: an evidence-based review [Swedish]. Stockholm: The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care; 2001. [back] [section 4.3.7] [section 5.5]

107. Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia 2001;42(4):515-24. [back]

108. Saitz R, Mayo-Smith MF, Roberts MS, Redmond HA, Bernard DR, Calkins DR. Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal. A randomized double-blind controlled trial. JAMA 1994;272(7):519-23. [back]

109. Jaeger TM, Lohr RH, Pankratz VS. Symptom-triggered therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome in medical inpatients. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76(7):695-701. [back]

110. Manikant S, Tripathi BM, Chavan BS. Loading dose diazepam therapy for alcohol withdrawal state. Indian J Med Res 1993;98:170-3. [back]

111. Thomson AD, Cook CC, Touquet R, Henry JA, Royal College of Physicians London. The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke’s encephalopathy in the accident and Emergency Department. Alcohol Alcohol 2002;37(6):513-21. [back] [section 4.1.1] [section 4.4.2]

112. Committee on Safety of Medicines [personal communication]. 2002. [back]

113. Ambrose ML, Bowden SC, Whelan G. Thiamin treatment and working memory function of alcohol-dependent people: preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25(1):112-6. [back]

114. British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary (BNF). London: The Association, The Society; 2003. [cited 14 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.bnf.org [back]

115. Slattery J, Chick J, Cochrane M, Craig I, Godfrey C, Kohli H, et al. Prevention of relapse in alcohol dependence. Glasgow: Health Technology Board for Scotland; 2003. Health technology assessment report 3. [cited 14 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://docs.scottishmedicines.org/docs/pdf/Alcohol%20Report.pdf [back] [section 5.1] [section 5.4.1] [section 5.5] [annex 8]

116. Deehan A, Marshall EJ, Strang J. Tackling alcohol misuse: opportunities and obstacles in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 1998;48(436):1779-82. [back]

117. Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Group Heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol 1997;58(1):7-29. [back]

118. Project MATCH secondary a priori hypotheses. Project MATCH Research Group. Addiction 1997;92(12):1671-98. [back]

119. Longabaugh R, Wirtz PW, Zweben A, Stout RL. Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long-term matching effects. Addiction 1998;93(9):1313-33. [back]

120. Drummond DC, Thom B, Brown C, Edwards G, Mullan MJ. Specialist versus general practitioners treatment of problem drinkers. Lancet 1990;336(8270):915-8. [back]

121. Sanchez-Craig M, Davila R, Cooper G. A self-help approach for high-risk drinking: Effect of an initial assessment. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64(4):694-700. [back]

122. Weisner C, Mertens J, Parthasarathy S, Moore C, Lu Y. Integrating primary medical care with addiction treatment: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286(14):1715-23. [back] [section 5.1] [section 5.1.1]

123. Samet JH, Freidmann P, Saitz R. Benefits of linking primary medical care and substance abuse services: patient, provider, and societal perspectives. Arch Intern Med 2001;161(1):85-91. [back]

124. Sobell MB, Sobell LC. Stepped care as a heuristic approach to the treatment of alcohol problems. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68(4):573-9. [back]

125. Scottish Executive Health Department. Alcohol problems support and treatment services framework. Edinburgh: The Department; 2002. [cited 14 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/health/apst-00.asp [back]

126. Leigh G, Ogborne AC, Cleland P. Factors associated with patient dropout from an outpatient alcoholism treatment service. J Stud Alcohol 1984;45(4):359-62. [back]

127. Rees DW, Beech HR, Hore BD. Some factors associated with compliance in the treatment of alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 1984;19(4):303-7. [back]

128. Rees DW. Health beliefs and compliance with alcoholism treatment. J Stud Alcohol 1985;46(6):517-24. [back]

129. Hilton ME, Maisto SA, Conigliaro J, McNiel M, Kraemer K, Kelley ME, et al. Improving alcoholism treatment across the spectrum of services. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25(1):128-35. [back]

130. Stout RL, Rubin A, Zwick W, Zywiak W, Bellino L. Optimizing the cost-effectiveness of alcohol treatment: a rationale for extended case monitoring. Addict Behav 1999;24(1):17-35. [back]

131. Miller WR, Wilbourne PL. Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials for treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2002;97(3):265-77. [back]

132. Martinus T, Anderson B, Carter H. Counselling for alcohol problems in primary care in Forth Valley - an innovative approach? Health Bull (Edinb) 2001;59(3):158-62. [back]

133. Garbutt JC, West SL, Carey TS, Lohr KN, Crews FT. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. JAMA 1999;281(14):1318-25. [back] [section 5.5] [section 5.6]

134. Kranzler HR, Van Kirk J. Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta-analysis. Alc Clin Exp Res 2001;25(9):1335-41. [back]

135. Pettinati HM, Volpicelli JR, Luck G, Kranzler HR, Rukstalis MR, Cnaan A. Double-blind clinical trial of sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21(2):143-53. [back]

136. Roy-Byrne PP, Pages KP, Russo JE, Jaffe C, Blume AW, Kingsley E, et al. Nefazodone treatment of major depression in alcohol-dependent patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20(2):129-36. [back]

137. Kabel DI, Petty F. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of fluoxetine in severe alcohol dependence: adjunctive pharmacotherapy during and after inpatient treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20(4):780-4. [back]

138. Kranzler HR, Modesto-Lowe V, Van Kirk J. Naltrexone vs. nefazodone for treatment of alcohol dependence: A placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22(5):493-503. [back]

139. Randall CL, Thomas S, Thevos AK. Concurrent alcoholism and social anxiety disorder: a first step toward developing effective treatments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25(2):210-20. [back]

140. Bowen RC, D’Arcy C, Keegan D, Senthilselvan A. A controlled trial of cognitive behavioral treatment of panic in alcoholic inpatients with comorbid panic disorder. Addict Behav 2000;25(4):593-7. [back]

141. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Brown J, Babor TF. Fluoxetine treatment seems to reduce the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in type B alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20(9):1534-41. [back]

142. Reference removed.

143. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Lewis SW, Moring J, O’Brien R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(10):1706-13. [back]

144. Drake RE, Mercer-McFadden C, Mueser KT, McHugo GJ, Bond GR. Review of integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment for patients with dual disorders. Schizophr Bull 1998;24(4):589-608. [back]

145. McHugo GJ, Drake RE, Teague GB, Xie H. Fidelity to assertive community treatment and client outcomes in the New Hampshire dual disorders study. Psychiatr Serv 1999;50(6):818-24. [back]

146. Hellerstein DJ, Rosenthal RN, Miner CR. A prospective study of integrated outpatient treatment for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. Am J Addict 1995;4(1):33-42. [back]

147. Larson EW, Olincy A, Rummans TA, Morse RM. Disulfiram treatment of patients with both alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992;16(1):125-30. [back]

148. Sapir-Weise R, Berglund M, Frank A, Kristenson H. Acupuncture in alcoholism treatment: a randomized out-patient study. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34(4):629-35. [back]

149. Ter Riet G, Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. A meta-analysis of studies into the effect of acupuncture on addiction. Br J Gen Pract 1990;40(338):379-82. [back]

150. NIH Consensus Conference. Acupuncture. JAMA 1998;280(17):1518-24. [back]

151. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcohol Treat Q 1994;11(1-2):13-87. [back]

152. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth MV. Erratum: Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcohol Treat Q 1995;13(4):97. [back]

153. Barber JG, Gilbertson R. An experimental study of brief unilateral intervention for the partners of heavy drinkers. Res Soc Work Pract 1996;6(3):325-36. [back]

154. Miller WR, Meyers RJ, Tonigan JS. Engaging the unmotivated in treatment for alcohol problems: a comparison of three strategies for intervention through family members. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67(5):688-97. [back]

155. Patience D, Buxton M, Chick J, Howlett H, McKenna M, Ritson B. The SECCAT Survey: II. The Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire as a proxy for resource costs and quality of life in alcoholism treatment. Study of Socio-Economic Consequences and Costs of Alcoholism and Treatment. Alcohol Alcohol 1997;32(1):79-84. [back]

156. Health Development Agency, University of Wales College of Medicine. Manual for the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). Fast screening for alcohol problems. London: The Agency; 2002. [cited 15 Aug 2003]. Available from url: http://www.hda-online.org.uk/documents/manual_fastalcohol.pdf [back]

157. Wright S, Moran L, Meyrick M, O’Connor R, Touquet R. Intervention by an alcohol health worker in an accident and emergency department. Alcohol Alcohol 1998;33(6):651-6. [back]

158. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. 2nd ed. London: Guilford Press; 2002. [back]

[Contents][Back][Top]

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
Home