Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults
References

1 Sander JW, Shorvon SD. Epidemiology of the epilepsies. J Neurol Neuosurg Psychiatry 1996;61:433-43. [Back] [section 1.1] [annex 3]

2 Smith D, Defalla BA, Chadwick DW. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic. QJM 1999;92:15-23. [Back] [section 1.1] [section 2.1] [section 2.4.1] [section 3.3]

3 Scheepers B, Clough P, Pickles C. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy: findings of a population study. Seizure 1998;7:403-6. [Back] [section 1.1] [section 2.1]

4. Warlow CP, Sandercock PAG, Hankey GJ, Van Gijn J, Dennis MS, Bamford J, et al. Stroke: A practical guide to management. 2nd ed. Malden (MA): Blackwell Science; 2000. [Back]

5 Sander JW, Hart YM, Johnson AL, Shorvon SD. National General Practice Study of Epilepsy: newly diagnosed epileptic seizures in a general population. Lancet 1990;336:1267-71. [Back] [section 2.1] [section 3.1.1]

6 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Consensus conference on better care for children and adults with epilepsy. Final consensus statement. Edinburgh: The College; 2002. [cited 4 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/esd/consensus/better_care_02.html [Back] [section 2.1] [section 3.1.1]

7 Proposal for revised clinical and electrencephalographic classification of epileptic seizres. From the Commission of Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22:489-501. [Back]

8 Cutting S, Lauchheimer A, Barr W, Devinsky O. Adult-onset idiopathic generalized epilepsy: clinical and behavioral features. Epilepsia 2001;42:1395-8. [Back]

9 Reutens DC, Berkovic SF. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy of adolescence: are the syndromes clinically distinct. Neurology 1995;45:1469-76. [Back]

10 King MA, Newton MR, Jackson GD, Fitt GJ, Mitchell LA, Silvapulle MJ, et al. Epileptology of the first seizure presentation: a clinical, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging study of 300 consecutive patients. Lancet 1998;352:1007-11. [Back] [section 2.2.2] [section 2.3] [section 2.4.1] [section 2.5] [section 3.1.2]

11 Johnsen SD, TarbyTJ, Sidell AD. Carbamazepine induced seizures. Neurology 1984;16:392-3. [Back]

12 Delgado-Escueta AV, Enrile-Bacsal F. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy of Janz. Neurology 1984;34:285-94. [Back]

13 Engel J Jr. A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42:796-803. [Back]

14 Quirk JA, Fish DR, Smith SJ, Sander JW, Shorvon SD, Allen PJ. Incidence of photosensitive epilepsy: a prospective national study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995;95:260-7. [Back]

15 Jennett B. Epilepsy after non-missile head injuries. 2nd ed. London: Heinemann Medical; 1975. [Back]

16 Lempert T, Bauer M, Schmidt D. Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol 1994;36:233-7. [Back]

17 Mathias CJ, Deguchi K, Schatz I. Observations on recurrent syncope and presyncope in 641 patients. Lancet 2001;357:348-53. [Back]

18 Betts T, Boden S. Diagnosis, management and prognosis of a group of 128 patients with non-epileptic attack disorder. Part 1. Seizure 1992;1:19-26. [Back]

19 Meierkord H, Will B, Fish D, Shorvon S. The clinical features and prognosis of pseudoseizures diagnosed using video-EEG telemetry. Neurology 1991;41:1643-6. [Back]

20 Thacker K, Devinsky O, Oerrine K, Alper K, Luciano D. Nonepileptic seizures during apparent sleep. Ann Neurol 1993;33:414-8. [Back]

21 Devinsky O, Sanchez Villasenor F, Vasquez B, Kothari M, Alper K, Luciano D. Clinical profile of patients with epileptic and non epileptic seizures. Neurology 1996:46;1530-3. [Back]

22 Peguero E, Abou-Khalil B, Fakhoury T, Matthews G. Self injury and incontinence in psychogenic seizures. Epilepsia 1995;36:586-91. [Back]

23 Leis AA, Ross MA, Summers AK. Psychogenic seizures: ictal characteristics and diagnostic pitfalls. Neurology 1992;42:95-9. [Back]

24 Doose H, Neubauer BA. Preponderance of female sex in the transmission of seizure liability in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2001;43:103-14. [Back]

25 Geyer JD, Payne TA, Drury I. The value of pelvic thrusting in the diagnosis of seizures and pseudoseizures. Neurology 2000;54:227-9. [Back]

26 Day SC, Cook EF, Funkenstein H, Goldman L. Evaluation and outcome of emergency room patients with transient loss of consciousness. Am J Med 1982:73;15-23. [Back]

27 Fowle AJ, Binnie CD. Uses and abuses of the EEG in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000;41 Suppl 3:S10-8. [Back]

28 Marson CA, Zivin LS. Factors related to the occurrence of typical paroxysmal abnormalities in the EEG records of epileptic patients. Epilepsia 1970 11 361-81. [Back]

29 Salinsky M, Kanter R, Dasheiff RM. Effectiveness of multiple EEGs in supporting the diagnosis of epilepsy: an operational curve. Epilepsia 1987;28:331-4. [Back]

30 Doppelbauer A, Zeitlhofer J, Zifko U, Baumgartner C, Mayr N, Deecke L. Occurrence of epileptiform activity in the routine EEG of epileptic patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:345-52. [Back]

31 Goodin DS, Aminoff MJ. Does the interictal EEG have a role in the diagnosis of epilepsy? Lancet 1984; 837-9. [Back]

32 Roupakiotis SC, Gatzonis SD, Triantafyllou N, Mantouvalos V, Chioni A, Zournas C, et al. The usefulness of sleep and sleep deprivation as activating methods in electroencephalographic recording: contribution to a long-standing discussion. Seizure 2000;9:580-4. [Back]

33 Fountain NB, Kim JS, Lee SI. Sleep deprivation activates epileptiform discharges independent of the activating effects of sleep. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;15:69-75. [Back]

34 Gregory RP, Oates T, Merry RT. Electroencephalogram epileptiform abnormalities in candidates for aircrew training. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993;86:75-7. [Back]

35 Zivin L, Marsan CA. Incidence and prognostic significance of “epileptiform” activity in the EEG of non-epileptic subjects. Brain 1968;91:751-78. [Back]

36 Bridgers SL. Epileptiform abnormalities discovered on electroencephalographic screening of psychiatric inpatients. Arch Neurol 1987;44:312-6. [Back]

37 Harding GF, Edson A, Jeavons PM. Persistence of photosensitivity. Epilepsia 1997;38:663-9. [Back]

38 van Donselaar CA, Schimsheimer RJ, Geerts AT, Declerck AC. Value of the electroencephalogram in adult patients with untreated idiopathic first seizures. Arch Neurol 1992;49:231-7. [Back] [section 2.4.1] [section 3.1.2]

39 Gilliam F, Kuzniecky R, Faught E. Ambulatory EEG Monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 1999;16:111-5. [Back]

40 Krumholz A. Nonepileptic seizures: diagnosis and management. Neurology 1999;53:S76-83. [Back]

41 Kuyk J, Leijten F, Meinardi H, Spinhoven PH, van Dyck R. The diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a review. Seizure 1997;6:243-53. [Back]

42 Benbadis SR, Johnson K, Anthony K, Caines G, Hess G, Jackson C, et al. Induction of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures without placebo. Neurology 2000;55:1904-5. [Back]

43 Jedrzejczak J, Owczarek K, Majkowski J. Psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures: clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) video-tape recordings. Eur J Neurol 1999;6:473-9. [Back]

44 Parra J, Kanner AM, Iriarte J, Gil-Nagel A. When should induction protocols be used in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with paroxysmal events? Epilepsia 1998;39:863-7. [Back]

45 Bhatia M, Sinha PK, Jain S, Padma MV, Maheshwari MC. Usefulness of short-term video EEG recording with saline induction in pseudoseizures. Acta Neurol Scand 1997;95:363-6. [Back]

46 Stagno SJ, Smith ML. Use of induction procedures in diagnosing psychogenic seizures. J Epilepsy 1996;9:153-8. [Back]

47 Thompson JL, Ebersole JS. Long-term inpatient audiovisual scalp EEG monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 1999;16:91-9. [Back]

48 Shihabuddin B, Abou-Khalil B, Fakhoury T. The value of combined ambulatory cassette-EEG and video monitoring in the differential diagnosis of intractable seizures. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:1452-7. [Back]

49 Zaidi A, Clough P, Cooper P, Scheepers B, Fitzpatrick AP. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: many seizure-like attacks have a cardiovascular cause. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:181-4. [Back] [section 2.4.2] [section 2.4.3]

50 Schoenenberger RA, Heim SM. Indication for computed tomography of the brain in patients with first uncomplicated generalised seizure. BMJ 1994;309:986-9. [Back]

51 Roberts RC, Shorvon SD, Cox TC, Gilliatt RW. Clinically unsuspected cerebral infarction revealed by computed tomography scanning in late onset epilepsy. Epilepsia 1988;29:190-4. [Back]

52 Ramirez-Lassepas M, Cipolle RJ, Morillo LR, Gumnit RJ. Value of computed tomographic scan in the evaluation of adult patients after their first seizure. Ann Neurol 1984;15:536-43. [Back]

53 Recommendations for neuroimaging evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Commission on Neuroimaging of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997;38:1255-6. [Back] [section 2.5] [section 2.5.1]

54 Clinical policy for the initial approach to patients with a chief complaint of seizure who are not in status epilepticus. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:706-24. [Back] [section 2.5.1] [section 2.5.2]

55 Bradford JC, Kyriakedes CG. Evaluation of the patient with seizures: an evidence based approach. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1997;17:203-20. [Back]

56 Duncan JS. Imaging and epilepsy. Brain 1997;120:339-77. [Back]

57 Andermann F. Brain structure and epilepsy: the impact of modern imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;8:302-6. [Back]

58 Sitoh YY, Tien RD. Neuroimaging in epilepsy. J Magn Reson Imaging 1998;8:277-88. [Back]

59 Elster AD, Mirza W. MR imaging in chronic partial epilepsy: role of contrast enhancement. Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:165-70. [Back]

60 Sanders WP, Silbergleit R, Spickler EM, Barkley GL, Mehta BA. Efficacy of gadolinium administration in magnetic resonance imaging screening of patients with complex partial seizures and results of a normal neurologic examination. Invest Radiol 1995;30:634-7. [Back]

61 Guidelines for neuroimaging evaluation of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy considered for surgery. Commission on Neuroimaging of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:1375-6. [Back] [section 2.5.1] [section 2.5.2]

62 Bronen RA, Fulbright RK, Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Kim JH, Lange RL, et al. Refractory epilepsy: comparison of MR imaging, CT, and histopathological findings in 117 patients. Radiology 1996;201:97-105. [Back]

63 Hart YM, Sander JW, Johnson AL, Shorvon SD. National General Practice Study of Epilepsy: recurrence after a first seizure. Lancet 1990;336:1271-4. [Back]

64 Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA. Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. Ann Neurol 1998;44:908-12. [Back]

65 van Donselaar CA, Geerts AT, Schimsheimer RJ. Idiopathic first seizure in adult life: who should be treated? BMJ 1991;302:620-3. [Back]

66 Berg AT, Shinnar S. The risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure: a quantative review. Neurology 1991;41:965-72. [Back]

67 Hopkins A, Garman A, Clarke C. The first seizure in adult life. Value of clinical features, electroencephalography, and computerised tomographic scanning in prediction of seizure recurrence. Lancet 1988; 721-6. [Back]

68 Randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in reducing the risk of relapse after a first unprovoked tonic-clonic seizure. First Seizure Trial Group (FIR.S.T. Group). Neurology 1993;43:478-83. [Back]

69 Gilad R, Lampl Y, Gabbay U, Eshel Y, Sarova-Pinhas I. Early treatment of a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure to prevent recurrence. Arch Neurol 1996;53:49-52. [Back]

70 Musicco M, Beghi E, Solari A, Viani F. Treatment of first tonic clonic seizure does not improve the prognosis of epilepsy. (FIRST Group). Neurology 1997;49:991-8. [Back]

71 MacDonald BK, Johnson AL, Goodridge DM, Cockerell OC, Sander J, Shorvon S. Factors predicting prognosis of epilepsy after presentation with seizures. Ann Neurol 2000;48:833-41. [Back]

72 Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:314-9. [Back] [section 3.1.2] [section 3.3] [section 3.10]

73 Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, Smith DB, Delgado-Escueta AV, Browne TR, et al. Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone in partial and secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizures. New Engl J Med 1985;313:145-51. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.6]

74 Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, Waltimo O, Jakobsen K. A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1989;3:70-6. [Back]

75 Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. N Engl J Med 1992;327:765-71. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.6.3]

76 Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Lancet 1995;345:476-9. [Back]

77 Bill PA, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, Guerreiro CA, Kochen S, Saffer D, et al. A double-blind controlled trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1997;27:195-204. [Back]

78 Guerreiro M, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, de Manreza ML, Fejerman N, Antoniuk SA, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1997; 27:205-13. [Back]

79 Christe W, Kramer G, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, Steinhoff BJ, Brodie MJ, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial: oxcarbazepine versus sodium valproate in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1997;26:451-60. [Back]

80 Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L. Mutlicentre, double-blind randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. The UK Lamotrigine Elderly Study Group. Epilepsy Res 1999;37:81-7. [Back]

81 Marson AG, Williamson PR, Hutton JL, Clough HE, Chadwick DW; on behalf of the epilepsy monotherapy trialists. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

82 Brodie MJ, Kwan P. The star systems: overview and use in determining antiepileptic drug choice. CNS Drugs 2001;15:1-12. [Back]

83 Brodie MJ, Dichter MA. Antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 1996;334:168-74. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.3.2]

84 Brodie MJ, French JA. Management of epilepsy in adolescents and adults. Lancet 2000;356:323-9. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.3.2]

85 Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Effectiveness of first antiepileptic drug. Epilepsia 2001;42:1255-60. [Back]

86 Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Neuropsychological effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs. Lancet 2001;357:216-22. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.6.3]

87 Wilbur K, Ensom MH. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between oral contraceptives and second-generation anticonvulsants. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;38:355-65. [Back]

88 Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy in elderly people. Lancet 2000;355:1441-6. [Back]

89 Biton V, Mirza W, Montouris G, Vuong A, Hammer AE, Barrett PS. Weight change associated with valproate and lamotrigine monotherapy in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 2001;56:172-7. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.6.3]

90 Besag FM. Is generic prescribing acceptable in epilepsy.? Drug Saf 2000;23:173-82. [Back]

91 Guberman A, Corman C. Generic substitution for brand name antiepileptic drugs: a survey. Can J Neurol Sci 2000;27:37-43. [Back]

92 Perucca E, Beghi E, Dulac O, Shorvon S, Tomson T. Assessing risk to benefit ratio in antiepileptic drug therapy. Epilepsy Res 2000;41:107-39. [Back]

93 Browne TR, Holmes GL. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1145-51. [Back] [section 3.2] [section 3.3]

94 Perucca E, Gram L, Avanzini G, Dulac O. Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizures. Epilepsia 1998;39:5-17. [Back] [section 3.3] [section 3.14]

95 Dlugos DJ, Sammel MD, Strom BL, Farrar JT. Response to first drug trial predicts outcome in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 2001;57:2259-64. [Back]

96 Deckers CLP, Czuczwar SJ, Hekster YA, Keyser A, Kubova H, Meinardi H, et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug poltherapy based on mechanisms of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia 2000;41:1364-74. [Back]

97 Kwan P, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. The mechanisms of action of commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2001;90:21-34. [Back]

98 Brodie MJ, Yuen AW. Lamotrigine substitution study: evidence for synergism with sodium valproate? 105 Study Group. Epilepsy Res 1997;26:423-32. [Back]

99 Pisani F, Oteri G, Russo MF, Di Perri R, Perucca E, Richens A. The efficacy of valproate-lamotrigine comedication in refractory complex partial seizures: evidence for a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsia 1999;40:1141-6. [Back]

100 Ferrie CD, Panayiotopoulos CP. The clinical efficacy of vigabatrin in adults. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1995;6:457-68. [Back]

101 Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Chadwick DW. New antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of their efficacy and tolerability. BMJ 1996;313:1169-74. [Back]

102 Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Hutton JL, Chadwick DW. The new antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of their efficacy and tolerability. Epilepsia 1997;38:859-80. [Back] [section 3.3.1] [section 3.6] [section 3.6.3]

103 Leach JP, Brodie MJ. Tiagabine. Lancet 1998;351:203-7. [Back]

104 Marson AG, Kadir ZA, Hutton JL, Chadwick DW. Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

105 Ramaratnam S, Marson AG, Baker GA. Lamotrigine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

106 Chaisewikul R, Privitera MD, Hutton JL, Marson AG. Levetiracetam add-on for drug-resistant localization related (partial) epilepsy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

107 Castillo S, Schmidt DB, White S. Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

108 Jette NJ, Marson AG, Hutton JL. Topiramate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

109 Kalviainen R, Nousianen I, Mantyjarvi M, Nikoskelainen E, Partanen J, Partanen K. Vigabatrin, a gabaergic antiepileptic drug, causes concentric visual field defects. Neurology 1999;53:922-6. [Back]

110 Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, Barrera MN, Mullens EL, Manasco P. Lamotrigine for generalised seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1807-12. [Back]

111 Beran RG, Berkovic SF, Dunagan FM, Vajda FA, Danta G, Black AB, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of lamotrigine in treatment-resistant generalised epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:1329-33. [Back]

112 Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, Manasco P, Concannon S, Chen C, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia 1999;40:973-9. [Back]

113 Biton V, Montouris GD, Ritter F, Riviello JJ, Reife R, Lim P, et al. A randomised placebo-controlled study of topiramate in primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Topiramate YTC Study Group. Neurology 1999;52:1330-7. [Back]

114 Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, Reife R, Lim P, Pledger G. A double-blind randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology 1999;52:182-7. [Back]

115 Shorvon SD. The handbook of epilepsy treatment. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2000. [Back]

116 Schmidt D. Clobazam for treatment of intractable epilepsy: a critical assessment. Epilepsia 1994;35(Suppl.5):S92-5. [Back]

117 Ramsay RE, Detoledo J. Acetazolamide. In: Engle J, Pedley TA, editors. Epilepsy: A comprehensive textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 1445-61. [Back]

118 McKee PJW, Brodie MJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring. In: Engle J, Pedley TA, editors. Epilepsy: A comprehensive textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 1181-94. [Back]

119 Jannuzzi G, Cian P, Fattore C, Gatti G, Bartoli A, Monaco F, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial on the clinical impact of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. The Italian TDM Study Group in Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000;41:222-30. [Back]

120 Tomson T, Johannessen SI. Therapeutic monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;55:697-705. [Back]

121 Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia, 2001;42:515-24. [Back]

122 Schierhout G, Roberts I. Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

123 McCrory PR, Bladin PF, Berkovic SF. Retrospective study of concussive convulsions in elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers: phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome. BMJ, 1997;314:171-4. [Back]

124 Adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs: a multicenter survey of clinical practice. Collaborative Group for the Epidemiology of Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1986;27:323-30. [Back]

125 Lawden MC, Eke T, Degg C, Harding GF, Wild JM. Visual field defects associated with vigabatrin therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:716-22. [Back]

126 Persson LI, Ben-Menachem E, Bengtsson E, Heinonen E. Differences in side effects between a conventional carbamazepine preparation and a slow-release preparation of carbamazepine. Epilepsy Res 1990;6:134-40. [Back]

127 Tennis P, Stern RS. Risk of serious cutaneous disorders after initiation of use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate: a record linkage study. Neurology 1997;49:542-6. [Back]

128 Rzany B, Correia O, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Auquier A, Stern R. Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic necrolysis during first weeks of antiepileptic therapy: a case control study. Study Group of the International Case Control Study on Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. Lancet 1999;353:2190-4. [Back]

129 Schlienger RG, Shapiro LE, Shear NH. Lamotrigine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Epilepsia 1998;39(Suppl 7):S22-6. [Back]

130 Guberman A, Besag F, Brodie MJ, Dooley J, Duchowny M, Pellock J, et al. Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations for adults and children. Epilepsia 1999;40:985-91. [Back]

131 Blackburn SC, Oliart AD, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Perez Gutthann S. Antiepileptics and blood dycrasias: a cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:1277-83. [Back]

132 Pellock JM, Willmore LJ. A rational guide to routine blood monitoring in patients receiving anti-epileptic drugs. Neurology 1991;41:961-4. [Back]

133 Van Amelsvoort T, Bakshi R, Devaux CB, Schwabe S. Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine therapy: a review. Epilepsia 1994;35;181-8. [Back]

134 Schmidt W. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. New York: Raven Press; 1982. [Back]

135 König SA, Elger CE, Vassella F, Schmidt D, Bergmann A, Boenigk HE, et al. Empfehlungen zu blutuntersuchungen und klinischer überwachung zur früherkennung des valproat-assoziierten . Nervenarzt Schweiz Ärztezeitung 1998;79:580-5. [Back]

136 Schmitz B. Psychiatric syndromes related to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1999;40(Suppl 10):S65-70. [Back]

137 Reife R, Pledger G, Wu SC. Topiramate as add-on therapy: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults. Epilepsia 2000;41(Suppl 1):S66-71. [Back]

138 Cochrane HC, Marson AG, Baker GA, Chadwick DW. Neuropsychological outcomes in radomized controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of methodology and reporting standards. Epilepsia
1998;39:1088-97. [Back] [section 3.6.3] [section 8.4]

139 Vermeulen J, Aldenkamp AP. Cognitive side-effects of chronic antiepileptic drug treatment: a review of 25 years of research. Epilepsy Res 1995;22:65-95. [Back]

140 Lammers MW, Hekster YA, Keyser AA, Meinardi HH, Renier WO, van Lier H. Monotherapy or polytherapy for epilepsy revisited: a quantitative assessment. Epilepsia 1995;36:440-6. [Back]

141 Richens A, Rowe DJ. Disturbance of calcium metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs. BM J 1970;4:73-6. [Back]

142 Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:767-73. [Back] [section 3.6.3] [section 4.8]

143 Andress DL, Ozuna J, Tirschwell D, Grande L, Johnson M, Jacobson AF, et al. Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures. Arch Neurol 2002;59:781-6. [Back]

144 Stephen LJ, McLellan AR, Harrison JH, Shapiro D, Dominiczak MH, Sills GJ, et al. Bone density and antiepileptic drugs: a case-controlled study. Seizure 1999;8:339-42. [Back]

145 Randomised study of antiepleptic drug withdrawal in patients in remission. Medical Research Council Anitepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study Group. Lancet 1991;337:1175-80. [Back]

146 Prognositic index for recurrence of seizures after remission of epilepsy. Medical Research Council Anitepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study Group. BMJ 1993;306:1374-8. [Back]

147 Sirven JI, Sperling M, Wingerchuk DM. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

148 Goldstein LH Effectiveness of psychological interventions for people with poorly controlled epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:137-42. [Back]

149 Fenwick P. The behavioral treatment of epilepsy generation and inhibition of seizures. Neurol Clin 1994;12:175-202. [Back]

150 Dahl J, Melin L, Lund L. Effects of a contingent relaxation treatment program on adults with refractory epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1987;28:125-32. [Back]

151 Gillham RA. Refractory epilepsy: an evaluation of psychological methods in outpatient management. Epilepsia 1990;31:427-32. [Back]

152 Schmid-Schonbein C. Improvement of seizure control by psychological methods in patients with intractable epilepsies. Seizure 1998;7:261-70. [Back]

153 Spector S, Tranah A, Cull C, Goldstein LH. Reduction in seizure frequency following a short-term group intervention for adults with epilepsy. Seizure 1999; 8:297-303. [Back]

154 Martinovic Z. Adjunctive behavioural treatment in adolescents and young adults with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure 2001;10:42-7. [Back]

155 Jacoby A, Baker GA, Steen N, Potts P, Chadwick DW. The clinical course of epilepsy and its psychosocial correlates: findings from a U.K. Community study. Epilepsia 1996;37:148-61. [Back]

156 Owen DK, Lewith G, Stephens CR. Can doctors respond to patients’ increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine? BMJ 2001;322:154-8. [Back]

157 Scottish Office Department of Health. Complementary medicine and the National Health Service: an examination of acupuncture, homoeopathy, chiropractic and osteopathy. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office; 1997. [Back]

158 Kloster R, Larsson PG, Lossius R, Nakken KO, Dahl R, Xiu-Ling X, et al. The effect of acupuncture in chronic intractable epilepsy. Seizure 1999;8:170-4. [Back]

159 Stavem K, Kloster R, Rossberg E, Larsson PG, Dahl R, Kinge E, et al. Acupuncture in intractable epilepsy: lack of effect on health-related quality of life. Seizure 2000;9:422-6. [Back]

160 Cott JM. Herb-drug interactions: focus on pharmacokinetics. CNS Spectrums 2001;6:827-32. [Back]

161 Epilepsy Action. Epilepsy information. Living with epilepsy. Complementary treatments. Leeds: Epilepsy Action; 2003. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/complementary.html [Back]

162 The National Society for Epilepsy. Epilepsy information: Complementary therapies. Chalfont St Peter: The Society; 2002. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.epilepsynse.org.uk/pages/info/leaflets/complime.cfm [Back]

163 Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized controlled trial of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. New Engl J Med 2001;345:311-8. [Back]

164 Chilcott J, Howell S, Kemeney A, Rittey CD, Richards C. The effectiveness of surgery in the management of epilepsy. Sheffield: Trent Institute for Health Services Research; 1999. Guidance note for purchasers: 99/06. [Back]

165 McIntosh AM, Wilson SJ, Berkovic SF. Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy: current research practice and findings. Epilepsia 2001;42: 1288-307. [Back]

166 A randomized controlled trial of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of medically intractable seizures. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Neurology 1995;45:224-30. [Back]

167 Shorvon SD. Status epilepticus: its clinical features and treatment in children and adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. [Back]

168 Walker MC, Howard RS, Smith SJ, Miller DH, Shorvon SD, Hirsch NP. Diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus on a neurological intensive care unit. QJM 1996;89:913-20. [Back]

169 Walker MC, Smith SJ, Shorvon SD. The intensive care treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in the UK. Results of national survey and recommendations. Anaesthesia 1995;50:130-5. [Back]

170 Scholtes FB, Reiner WO, Meinardi H. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus: causes, therapy and outcome in 346 patients. Epilepsia 1994;35:1104-12. [Back]

171 Howell SJ, Owen L, Chadwick DW. Pseudostatus epilepticus. QJM 1989;71:507-19. [Back]

172 Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW. Depth of EEG suppresson and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999;40:759-62. [Back]

173 Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2001;345:631-7. [Back]

174 Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, Collins JF, Colling C, Rowan AJ, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 1998;339:792-8. [Back]

175 Treiman DM. Convulsive Status Epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol 1999;1:359-69. [Back]

176 Bleck TP. Management approaches to prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999;40(Suppl 1):S59-63. [Back]

177 Prasad A, Worrall BB, Bertram EH, Bleck TP. Propofol and midazolam in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2001;42:380-6. [Back]

178 Brown LA, Levin GM. Role of propofol in refractory status epilepticus. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:1053-9. [Back]

179 Stecker MM, Kramer TH, Raps EC, O’Meeghan R, Dulaney E, Skaar DJ. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with propofol: clinical and pharmacokinetic findings. Epilepsia 1998;39:18-26. [Back]

180 Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Mayer SA. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia 2002;43:146-53. [Back]

181 Cereghino JJ, Mitchell WG, Murphy J, Kriel RL, Rosenfeld WE, Trevathan E. Treating repetitive seizures with a rectal diazepam formulation: a randomised study. The North American Diastat Study Group. Neurology 1998;51:1274-82. [Back]

182 Dreifuss FE, Rosman NP, Cloyd JC, Pellock JM, Kuzniecky RI, Lo WD, et al. A comparison of rectal diazepam gel and placebo for acute repetitive seizures. N Eng J Med 1998;338:1869-75. [Back]

183 Joint Epilepsy Council. A guideline on training standards for the administration of rectal diazepam. Leeds: The Council; 2000. [Back] [section 3.11.3] [section 3.13]

184 Sterrick M, Foley J. Educating lay carers of people with learning disability in epilepsy awareness and in the use of rectal diazepam: a suggested teaching protocol for use by healthcare personnel. Health Bulletin 1999;57: 198-204 [Back] [section 3.11.3] [section 3.13]

185 Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:623-6. [Back]

186 Scheepers M, Scheepers B, Clarke M, Comish S, Ibitoye M. Is intranasal midazolam an effective rescue medication in adolescents and adults with severe epilepsy? Seizure 2000;9:417-22. [Back]

187 Hannah JA, Brodie MJ. Epilepsy and learning disabilities—a challenge for the next millennium? Seizure 1998;7:3-13. [Back]

188 Coulter DL. Comprehensive management of epilepsy in persons with mental retardation. Epilepsia 1997;38(Suppl.4):S24-31. [Back]

189 Sillanpaa, M. Epilepsy in the mentally retarded. In: Wallace S, editor. Epilepsy in children. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; 1996. p. 417-27. [Back]

190 Fischbacher E. Effect of reduction of anticonvulsants on wellbeing. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:423-4. [Back]

191 Forsgren L, Edvinsson SO, Nystrom L, Blomquist HK. Influence of epilepsy on mortality in mental retardation: an epidemiologic study. Epilepsia 1996;37:956-63. [Back]

192 Bird J. Epilepsy and learning disabilities. In: Russell O, editor. The psychiatry of learning disabilities. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 1997. p. 233-44. [Back]

193 Clinical guidelines for the management of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability. Working Group of the International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disability. Seizure 2001;10:401-9. [Back]

194 Scottish Executive Education Department. The administration of medicines in schools. Edinburgh: The Department; 2001. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/education/amis-00.asp [Back]

195 Wong ICK, Lhatoo SD. Adverse reactions to new anticonvulsant drugs. Drug Saf 2000;23:35-56. [Back]

196 Mason PL, Morris VA, Balcezak TJ. Serotonin syndrome. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000;79:201-9. [Back]

197 Blain PG, Lane JM. Neurological disorders. In: Davies DM, Ferner RE, De Glanville H, editors. Davie’s textbook of adverse drug reactions. 5th ed. Oxford: Chapman and Hall; 1998. [Back]

198 Ball P, Tillotson G. Tolerability of flouroquinolone antibiotics. Past, present and future. Drug Saf 1995;13:343-58. [Back]

199 Babic T, Zurak N. Convulsions induced by donepezil. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;66:410. [Back]

200 In focus: Donepezil (Aricept). Curr Probl Pharmacovigilance 1999;25:7. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.mca.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/currentproblems/cpvol25bsec3.htm [Back]

201 In focus: Tramadol (Zydol, Tramake and Zamadol). Curr Probl Pharmacovigilance 1996;22:11. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.mca.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/currentproblems/cp11.htm [Back]

202 Hyponatraemic convulsions in patients with enuresis treated with vasopressin. Curr Prob in Pharmacovigilance 1996:22;4. [Back]

203 Convulsions due to quinolone antimicrobial agents. Curr Prob in Pharmacovigilance 1991;32:2. [Back]

204 Curran S, de Pauw K. Selecting an antidepressant for use in a patient with epilepsy. Safety considerations. Drug Saf 1998;18:125-33. [Back]

205 Schwab M, Ruder H. Hyponatraemia and cerebral convulsions due to DDVAP administration in patients with enuresis nocturna or urine concentration testing. Eur J Paediatr 1997;156:668. [Back]

206 Hyser CL, Drake ME Jr. Status epilepticus after baclofen withdrawal. J Natl Med Assoc 1984;76:533-8. [Back]

207 Barker I, Grant IS. Convulsions after abrupt withdrawal of baclofen. Lancet 1983;2:556-7. [Back]

208 British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary 44. London: The Association, The Society; 2002. [cited 11 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.bnf.org [Back]

209 Fairgrieve SD, Jackson M, Jonas P, Walshaw D, White K, Montgomery TL, et al. Population based, prospective study of the care of women with epilepsy in pregnancy. BMJ 2000;321:674-5. [Back] [section 4.1] [section 4.2] [section 4.2.1] [section 4.2.2] [section 4.2.3] [section 4.4]

210 Coulam CB, Annegers JF. Do anticonvulsants reduce the efficacy of the oral contraceptive? Epilepsia 1979;20:519-25. [Back]

211 Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W Jr, Stewart FH, Kost K. A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:558-67. [Back]

212 Orme M, Crawford P, Back D. Contraception, epilepsy and pharmacokinetics. In: Trimble MR, editor. Women and epilepsy. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1991. [Back]

213 Crawford P, Appleton R, Betts T, Duncan J, Guthrie E, Morrow J. Best practice guidelines for the management of women with epilepsy. The Women with Epilepsy Guidelines Development Group. Seizure 1999;8:201-17. [Back] [section 4.1.1] [section 4.2.3]

214 Shorvon SD, Tallis RC, Wallace HK. Antiepileptic drugs: coprescription of proconvulsant drugs and oral contraceptives: a national study of antiepileptic drug prescribing practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:114-5. [Back]

215 Guillebaud J. The pill: and other forms of hormonal contraception. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997. [Back]

216 Patsalos PN, Duncan JS, Shorvon SD. Effect of the removal of individual antiepileptic drugs on antipyrine kinetics, in patients taking polytherapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;26:253-9. [Back]

217 Crawford P, Chadwick D, Martin C, Tjia J, Back D, Orme M. The interaction of phenytoin and carbamazepine with combined oral contraceptive steroids. Br J Clin Pharm 1990;30:892-6. [Back]

218 Klosterskov Jensen P, Saano V, Haring P, Svenstrup B, Menge GP. Possible interaction between oxcarbazepine and an oral contraceptive. Epilepsia 1992;33:1149-52. [Back]

219 Back D, Orme M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmcokinet 1990;18:472-84. [Back]

220 Rosenfeld WE, Doose DR, Walker SA, Nayak RK. Effect of topiramate on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997;38:317-23. [Back]

221 Eldon MA, Underwood BA, Randinitis EJ, Sedman AJ. Gabapentin does not interact with a contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. Neurology 1998;50:1146-8. [Back]

222 Holdich T, Whiteman P, Orme M, Back D, Ward D. Effect of Lamotrigine on the pharmacology of the combined oral contraceptive pill [abstract]. Epilepsia 1991;32:96. [Back]

223 Wilbur K, Ensom MH. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between oral contraceptives and second-generation anticonvulsants. Clin Pharmcokinet 2000;38:355-65. [Back]

224 Crawford P, Chadwick D, Cleland P, Tjia J, Cowie A, Back DJ, et al. The lack of effect of sodium valproate on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1986;33:23-9. [Back]

225 Haukkamaa M. Contraception by Norplant subdermal capsules is not reliable in epileptic patients on anticonvulsant treatment. Contraceptive 1986;33:559-65. [Back]

226 Levonelle-2 for emergency contraception. Drug Ther Bull 2000;38:75-7. [Back]

227 Wallace H, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Age-specific incidence and prevalence of treated epilepsy in an unselected population of 2,052,922 and age-specific fertilitly rates of women with epilepsy. Lancet 1998;352:1970-3. [Back] [section 4.2] [section 4.3]

228 Olafsson E, Hallgrimsson JT, Hauser WA, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G. Pregnancies of women with epilepsy: a population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 1998;39:887-92. [Back] [section 4.2] [section 4.4]

229 Department of Health. Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths 1994-1996. London: The Stationery Office; 1998. [cited 7 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/wmd/wmd-hm.htm [Back]

230 Samren EB, van Duijn CM, Koch S, Hiilesmaa VK, Klepel H, Bardy AH, et al. Maternal use of antiepileptic drugs and the risk of major congenital malformations: a joint european prospective study of human teratogenesis associated with maternal epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997;38:981-90. [Back]

231 Holmes LB, Harvey EA, Coull BA, Huntington KB, Khoshbin S, Hayes AM, et al. The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1132-8. [Back]

232 Kaneko S, Battino D, Andermann E, Wada K, Kan R, Takeda A, et al. Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res 1999;33:145-58. [Back]

233 Craig J, et al. The UK pregnancy register: update of results 1996-2002 [abstract]. Epilepsia 2002;43(Suppl 8):Abstract 079. [Back]

234 Rosa FW. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1991;324:674-7. [Back]

235 Clayton-Smith J, Donnai D. Fetal valproate syndrome. J Med Genet 1995;32:724-7. [Back]

236 Moore SJ, Turnpenny P, Quinn A, Glover S, Lloyd DJ, Montgomery T, et al. A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndrome. J Med Genet 2000;37:489-97. [Back]

237 Dean JC, Moore SJ, Osborne A, Howe J,Turnpenny PD Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome and mutation in the maternal MTHFR gene. Clin Genet 1999;56:216-20. [Back]

238 Adab N, Jacoby A, Smith D, Chadwick D. Additional educational needs in children born to mothers with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:15-21. [Back]

239 James FH, Fairgrieve S, Lynch SA, Jackson MJ. Prospective study of development of infants born to mothers with epilepsy [abstract]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2002;72:135. [cited 8 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://jnnp.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/72/1/133 [Back]

240 Dansky LV, Andermann E, Rosenblatt D, Sherwin AL, Andermann F. Anticonvulsants, folate levels, and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study. Ann Neurol 1987;21:177-82. [Back]

241 Ogawa Y, Kaneko S, Otani K, FukushimaY. Serum folic acid levels in epileptic mothers and their relationship to congenital malformations. Epilepsy Res 1991;8:75-8. [Back]

242 Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the MRC Vitamin Study. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 1991;338:131-7. [Back]

243 Lewis DP, Van Dyke DC, Stumbo PJ, Berg MJ. Drug and environmental factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes Part ll: Improvement with folic acid. Annals Pharmacother 1998;32:947-61. [Back]

244 Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1608-14. [Back]

245 Scottish Obstetric Guidelines and Audit Project. The management of pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Aberdeen: Scottish Programme for Clinical Effectiveness in Reproductive Health; 1997. [cited 8 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/sogap/sogap1.html [Back] [section 2.4.2] [section 2.3.1]

246 Kaaja E, Kaaja R, Matila R, Hiilesmaa V. Enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy and the risk of bleeding in the neonate. Neurology 2002;58:549-53. [Back]

247 Tomson T. Seizure control during pregnancy and delivery. In: Tomson T, Gram L, Sillanpää M, Johannessen S, editors. Epilepsy and pregnancy. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical; 1997. p. 113-23. [Back] [section 4.2.1] [section 4.3] [section 4.4.1]

248 Neilson JP. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

249 Patsalos PN, Duncan JS. Antiepileptic drugs. A review of clinically significant drug interactions. Drug Saf 1993;9:156-84. [Back]

250 Johannessen SV. Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in pregnant women. In: Tomson T, Gram L, Sillanpää M, Johannessen S, editors. Epilepsy and pregnancy. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical; 1997. p. 71-80. [Back]

251 Yerby MS, Friel PN, McCormick K. Antiepileptic drug disposition during pregnancy. Neurology 1992;42:12-6. [Back]

252 Tomson T, Lindbom U, Ekqvist B, Sundqvist A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: a prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsia 1994;35:122-30. [Back]

253 Epilepsy and pregnancy. Drug Ther Bull 1994;32:49-51. [Back]

254 Eadie MJ. Plasma antiepileptic drug monitoring in a neurological practice: a 25-year experience. Ther Drug Monit 1994;16:458-68. [Back]

255 Lander CM, Eadie MJ. Plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations during pregnancy. Epilepsia 1991;32:257-66. [Back]

256 Ohman I, Tomson T, Vitols S. Lamotrigine levels in plasma and breast milk in nursing women and their infants [abstract]. Epilepsia 1998; 39(Suppl 2):21. [Back]

257 Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1994. [Back]

258 Nau H, Rating D, Koch S, Hauser I, Helge H. Valproic acid and its metabolites: placental transfer, neonatal pharmacokinetics, transfer via mother’s milk and clinical status in neonates of epileptic mothers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981;219:768-77. [Back]

259 Doose H, Neubauer BA. Preponderance of female sex in the transmission of seizure liability in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2001;43:103-14. [Back]

260 Durner M, Keddache MA, Tomasini L, Shinnar S, Resor SR, Cohen J, et al. Genome scan of idiopathic generalised epilepsy: evidence for major susceptibility gene and modifying genes influencing the seizure type. Ann Neurol 2001;49:328-35. [Back]

261 Ottman R, Lee JH, Hauser WA, Risch N. Are generalized and localization-related epilepsies genetically distinct? Arch Neurol 1998;55:339-44. [Back] [section 4.7.1] [section 4.7.2]

262 Ottman R, Annegers JF, Risch N, Hauser WA, Susser M. Relations of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1996;39:442-9. [Back] [section 4.7.1] [section 4.7.2]

263 Waltz S, Stephani U. Inheritance of photosensitivity. Neuropaeditrics 2000;31:82-5. [Back]

264 Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Genetics of the epilepsies. Curr Opin Pediatr 2000;12:536-42. [Back]

265 Doose H, Maurer A. Seizure risk in offspring of individuals with a history of febrile convulsions. Eur J Paeditr 1997;156:476-81. [Back]

266 MacDonald BK, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. Febrile convulsions in 220 children—neurological sequelae at 12 years follow-up. Eur Neurol 1999;41:179-86. [Back]

267 Abbasi F, Krumholz A, Kittner SJ, Langenberg P. Effects of the menopause on seizures in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40:205-10. [Back]

268 Crawford P, Lee P. Gender difference in the management of epilepsy-what women are hearing. Seizure 1999;8:135-9. [Back]

269 Harden CL, Pulver MC, Ravdin L, Jacobs AR. The effects of the menopause and perimenopause on the course of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40:1402-7. [Back]

270 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of osteoporosis. Edinburgh: SIGN; In press 2003. [Back]

271 Jacoby A, Graham-Jones S, Baker G, Ratoff L, Heyes J, Dewey M, et al. A general practice records audit of the process of care for people with epilepsy. Br J Gen Pract 1996;46:595-9. [Back]

272 Poole K, Moran N, Bell G, Solomon J, Kendall S, McCarthy, et al. Patients’ perspectives on services for epilepsy: a survey of patient satisfaction preferences and information provision in 2394 people with epilepsy. Seizure 2000;9:551-8. [Back]

273 Chappell B, Smithson WH. Patient views on primary care services for epilepsy and areas where additional professional knowledge would be welcome. Seizure 1998;7:447-57. [Back]

274 Brown S, Betts T, Crawford P, Hall B, Shorvon S, Wallace S. Epilepsy needs revisited: a revised epilepsy needs document for the UK. Seizure 1998;7:435-46. [Back]

275 Bradley P, Lindsay B. Epilepsy clinics versus general neurology or medical clinics (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

276 Frost S, Crawford P, Mera S, Chappell B. National statement of good practice for the treatment and care of people who have epilepsy. Leeds: Joint Epilepsy Council; 2002. [cited 8 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.jointepilepsycouncil.org.uk/textpages.pdf [Back]

277 Sarkissian S, Wennberg R. Effects of the acute care practitioner role on epilepsy monitoring outcomes. Outcomes Manag Nurs Pract 1999;3:161-6. [Back]

278 Bradley P, Lindsay B. Specialist epilepsy nurses for treating epilepsy (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software. [Back]

279 Crawford P, Nicholson C. Epilepsy management. Prof Nurse 1999;14:565-9. [Back]

280 Mills N, Bachmann MO, Harvey I, Hine I, McGowan M. Effect of a primary-care-based epilepsy specialist nurse service on quality of care from the patients’ perspective: quasi-experimental evaluation. Seizure 1999;8:1-7. [Back]

281 Graydon M. Do learning disability services need epilepsy specialist nurses? Seizure 2000;9:294-6. [Back]

282 MacDonald D, Torrance N, Wood S, Womerstey J. General-practice-based nurse specialists-taking a lead in improving care for people with epilepsy. Seizure 2000;9:31-5. [Back]

283 Hart YM, Shorvon SD. The nature of epilepsy in the general population. II. Medical care. Epilepsy Res 1995;21:51-8. [Back]

284 Jain P, Patterson VH, Morrow JI. What people with epilepsy want from a hospital clinic. Seizure 1993;2:75-8. [Back]

285 Goldstein LH, Minchin L, Stubbs P, Fenwick PB. Are what people know about their epilepsy and what they want from a service related? Seizure 1997;6:435-42. [Back]

286 Choi-Kwon S, Yoon SM, Choi MR, Kang DW, Lee SK. The difference in perceptions of educational need between epilepsy patients and medical personnel. Epilepsia 2001;42:785-9. [Back]

287 Buck D, Jacoby A, Baker GA, Graham-Jones S, Chadwick DW. Patients’ experiences of and satisfaction with care for their epilepsy. Epilepsia 1996;37:841-9. [Back]

288 Poole K, Moran N, Bell G, Solomon J, Kendall S, McCarthy M, et al. Patients’ perspectives of services for epilepsy: a survey of patient satisfaction, preferences and information provision in 2394 people with epilepsy. Seizure 2000;9:551-8. [Back]

289 Baker GA, Hesdon B, Marson AG. Quality-of-life and behavioural outcome measures in randomized controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of methodology and reporting standards. Epilepsia 2000;41:1357-63. [Back] [section 8] [section 8.5]

290 Baker GA, Camfield C, Camfield P, Cramer JA, Elger CE, Johnson AL, et al. Commission on Outcome Measurement in Epilepsy,1994-1997: final report. Epilepsia 1998;39:213-31. [Back] [section 8] [section 8.1] [section 8.2] [section 8.5] [section 8.6]

291 Cramer JA. Principles of health-related quality of life assessment in clinical trails. Epilepsia 2002;43:1084-95. [Back] [section 8] [section 8.5]

292 MacDonald BK, Cockerell OC, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain 2000;123:663-4. [Back]

293 Hanna NJ, Black M, Sander JWS, Smithson WH, Appleton R, Brown S, et al. The National Sentinel Clinical Audit of Epilepsy-Related Death: Epilepsy­death in the shadows. London: The Stationery Office; 2002. [cited 8 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.official-documents.co.uk/document/reps/nscaerd/nscaerd.pdf [Back]

294 Cockerall O, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Shorvon SD. The prognosis of epilepsy: a review and further analysis of the first nine years of the British National General Practice Study of Epilepsy, a prospective population-based study. Epilepsia 1997;38:31-46. [Back]

295 Clinical Standards Advisory Group. Services for patients with epilepsy: report of a CSAG Committee chaired by Professor Alison Kitson. London: Department of Health; 1999. [cited 8 Apr 2003]. Available from url: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/01/45/19/04014519.pdf [Back]

296 Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC Guidance: emergency contraception (April 2003). J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003;29:9-16. [cited 10 Jul 2003]. Available from url http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/clinical_effect/EC%20revised%20PDF%2019.06.03.pdf [Back]

[Contents][Back][Top][Next]

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
Home