1 Scottish Hip Fracture Audit Report 2001 (in press).[section 1.1] [section 1.7] [section 6] [section 7] [section 10]

2 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of Elderly People with Fractured Hip. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN, 1997 (SIGN publication no.15).

3 Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 767-73. [section 2.1] [section 2.2.1]

4 Pluijm SMF, Graafmans WC, Bouter LM, Lips P. Ultrasound measurements for the prediction of osteoporotic fractures in elderly people. Osteoporosis Int 1999; 9: 550-6.[section 2.1] [section 2.2.1]

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6 Grisso JA, Kelsey JL, Strom BL, Chiu GY, Maislin G, O'Brien LA, et al. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. The Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1326-31.

7 Dargent-Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H, Baudoin C, Schott AM, Hausherr E, et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996; 348: 145-9.

8 Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Cumming R, Lamb SE, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in the elderly. (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software. [section 2.2] [section 2.3.1]

9 Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 1993; 341: 72-5.

10 Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996; 312: 1254-9.

11 Bone density measurement: A systematic review. A report from SBH, the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. J Intern Med 1997; 739 (Suppl): 1-60.

12 Faulkner KG, Cummings SR, Black D, Palmermo L, Gluer CC, Genant HK. Simple measurement of femoral geometry predicts hip fracture: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1211-7.

13 Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, Sebert JL, Cormier C, Kotzki PO, et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996; 348: 511-4.

14 Bauer DC, Glüer CC, Cauley JA, Vogt TM, Ensrud KE, Genant HK, et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 629-34.

15 Garnero P, Dargent-Molina P, Hans D, Schott AM, Breart G, Meunier PJ, et al. Do markers of bone resorption add to bone mineral density and ultrasonographic heel measurement for the prediction of hip fracture in elderly women? The EPIDOS prospective study. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: 563-9.

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18 Calle E, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097-105.

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26 Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharp SJ. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. Am J Med 1995; 98: 331-5.

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28 Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Dubouef F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1637-42.

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30 Gillespie WJ, Henry DA, O'Connell DL, Robertson J. Vitamin D and Vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and postmenopausal osteoporosis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 1999. Oxford : Update Software.

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32 Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1997; 350: 1047-59.

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34 Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-37.

35 Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 9-16.

36 Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, Johnell O, Magnusson C, Persson PG, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: population based case-control study. The Swedish Hip Fracture Study Group. BMJ 1998; 316: 1858-63.

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43 Geelhoed E, Harris A, Prince R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hormone replacement therapy and lifestyle intervention for hip fracture. Aust J Public Health 1994; 18: 153-60.

44 Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Costs of different intervention strategies to prevent hip fractures. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 161: 4400-5.

45 Cheug AP, Wren BG. A cost-effectiveness analysis of hormone replacement therapy in the menopause. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 312-6.

46 Clark AP, Schuttinga J. Targeted estrogen/progesterone replacement therapy for osteoporosis: calculation of health care cost savings. Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 195-200.

47 Papadimitropoulos E, Coyte P, et al. A health economics evaluation of calcium and vitamin D versus hormone replacement therapy for the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal women). In: Annual Meeting of the International Society for Technology Assessment in Health Care. Ottawa 1998. Montreal: The Society, 1998 (Abstract).

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49 Visentin P, Ciravegna R, Fabris F. Estimating the cost per avoided hip fracture by osteoporosis treatment in Italy. Maturitas 1997; 26: 185-92.

50 Duursma S, Hout B. Costs and effects of prophylactic treatment with didronel: In: Annual Meeting of the International Society for Technology Assessment in Health Care, Ottawa 1998. Montreal: The Society, 1998. (Abstract).

51 Jones J, Scott D. Cost-effectiveness of alendronate for fracture prevention in postmenopausal women. In: Davies H, Tavakoli M, Malek M, Neilson A, editors. Controlling costs: Strategic Issues in health care management. Aldershot: Ashgate 1999.

52 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Report on a recommended referral document. Edinburgh: SIGN, 1998. (SIGN publication no 31).

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54 Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National Health Service in England and Wales. United they stand: Co-ordinating care for elderly patients with hip fracture. London: HMSO; 1995. [section 4] [section 6]

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57 Hofman A, Geelkerken RH, Wille J, Hamming JJ, Hermans J, Breslau PJ. Pressure sores and pressure-decreasing mattresses: controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1994; 343: 568-71.

58 March LM, Chamberlain AC, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Brnabic AJ, Finnegan TP, et al. How best to fix a broken hip. Fractured Neck of Femur Health Outcomes Project Team. Med J Aust 1999; 170: 489-94. [section 4] [section 6.2] [section 6.2.1] [section 7] [section 8]

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60 Evans PD, Wilson C, Lyons K. Comparison of MRI with bone scanning for suspected hip fracture in elderly patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994: 76; 158-9.

61 Quinn SF, McCarthy JL. Prospective evaluation of patients with suspected hip fracture and indeterminate radiographs: use of T1-weighted MR images. Radiology 1993: 187; 469-71.

62 Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Waxman AD. Occult fractures of the proximal femur: MR Imaging. Radiology 1989:170; 113-6.

63 Pandey R, McNally E, Ali A, Bulstrode C. The role of MRI in the diagnosis of occult hip fractures. Injury 1998: 29; 61-3.

64 Parker MJ, Griffiths R, Appadu BN. Nerve blocks (subcostal, lateral cutaneous, femoral, triple, psoas) for hip fractures, (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 1999. Oxford: Update Software. [section 4] [section 6] [section 8]

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69 Perez JV, Warwick DJ, Case CP, Bannister GC. Death after proximal femoral fracture--an autopsy study. Injury 1995; 26: 237-40.

70 Bredahl C, Nyholm B, Hindsholm KB, Mortensen JS, Olesen AS. Mortality after hip fracture: results of operation within 12 h of admission. Injury 1992; 23: 83-6.[section 5] [section 7]

71 Hamlet WP, Lieberman JR, Freedman EL, Dorey FJ, Fletcher A, Johnson EE. Influence of health status and the timing of surgery on mortality in hip fracture patients. Am J Orthop 1997; 26: 621-7.

72 Holt EM, Evans RA, Hindley CJ, Metcalfe JW. 1000 femoral neck fractures: the effect of pre-injury mobility and surgical experience on outcome. Injury 1994; 25: 91-5.

73 Campling EA, Devlin HB, Hoile RW, Lunn JN. The Report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths 1991/2. NCEPOD; 1993.

74 Scottish Hip Fracture Audit (unpublished data).[section 5] [section 7] [section 9]

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76 Todd CJ, Freeman CJ, Camilleri-Ferrante C, Palmer CR, Hyder A, Laxton CE, et al. Differences in mortality after fracture of the hip: the East Anglian audit. Br Med J 1995; 310: 904-8.[section 5.3] [section 5.4.3]

77 Levi N. Urinary tract infection and cervical hip fracture. Int J Risk Safety Med 1998; 11: 41-4.

78 Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antiobiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femorl and other closed long bone fractures (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.

79 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN, 2000 (SIGN publication no 45).

80 British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Hospital Infection Society, Infection Control Nurses Association. Report of a working party. J Hosp Infection 1998; 39: 253-90.

81 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN, 2002 (in press).[section 5] [section 6]

82 Gillespie W, Murray D, Gregg PJ, Warwick D. Risks and benefits of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2000; 82-B: 475-9. [section 5.4] [section 5.4.3]

83 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN, 1995 (SIGN publication no.1).

84 Salvati EA, Pellerini VD, Jr., Sharrock NE, Lotke PA, Murray DW, Potter H, Westrich GH. Recent advances in venous thromboembolic prophylaxis during and after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82:-A 251-70.

85 Handoll HH, Farrar MJ, McBirnie J, Tytherleigh- Strong G, Awal KA, Milne AA, Gillespie WG. Prophylaxis using heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods against deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in hip fracture surgery. Cochrane Library, Issue 2,1998. Oxford: Update Software. [section 5.4.1] [section 5.4.3]

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89 Callum KG, Gray AJG, Voile RW, Ingram GS, Martin IL, Sherry LM et al. Extremes of age. The 1999 report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths. CEPOD. [section 5] [section 8]

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92 Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality. Annual report 1999. Glasgow: SASM; 2000. (Cited November 16 2001). Available from URL http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/sasm [section 6] [section 7]

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96 Aldrete JA, Davis HS, Hingson RA. Anaesthesia factors in the surgical management of hip fractures. J Trauma 1967; 7: 818-26.

97 Gauthier JL, Hamelberg W. Hip fractures: influence of anaesthesia on the patient's hospital course. Anesth Analg 1963; 42: 609-15.

98 Dickson RE, Patey RE. Anaesthesia for hip fracture: a survey of Scottish practice. Scott Med J 1999; 44: 152-4.

99 Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, McKee A, Kehlet H, van Zundert A, et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ 2000; 321: 1493-7.

100 McKenzie PJ, Wishart HY, Smith G. Long-term outcome after repair of fractured neck of femur. Comparison of subarachnoid and general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth, 1984; 56: 581-5.

101 Juelsgaard P, Sand NP, Felsby S, Dalsgaard J, Jakobsen KB, Brink O, et al. Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15: 656-63.[section 6] [section 8]

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106 American Society of Regional Anesthesia. Consensus statements on central nerve block and anticoagulation. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 1998: 23 (Suppl 2).

107 Wysowski DK, Talarico L, Bacsanyi J, Botstein P. Spinal and epidural hematoma and low-molecular weight heparin. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1774-5.

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114 Parker MJ, Pryor GA. Internal fixation or arthroplasty for displaced cervical hip fractures in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial of 208 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 2000; 71: 440-6.

115 Davison JN, Calder SJ, Anderson GH, Ward G, Jagger C, Harper WM, et al. Treatment for displaced intracapsular fracture of the proximal femur: a prospective randomised trial in patients aged 65 to 79 years. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001; 83: 206-12.

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121 Gebhard JS, Amstutz HC, Zinar DM, Dorey FJ. A comparison of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty for treatment of acute fracture of the femoral neck. Clin Orth 1992; 282: 123-31. [section 7.3.2] [section 7.3.4]

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140 Keene GS, Parker MJ, Pryor GA. Mortality and morbidity after hip fractures. BMJ 1993; 307: 1248-50.

141 Sikorsksi JM, Barrington R. Internal fixation versus hemiarthroplasty for the displaced subcapital fracture of the femur. A prospective randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1981; 63-B: 357-61.

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