1 Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14(Suppl. 5): S1-S85.

2 A report by the working group on IT to support shared care in diabetes. CRAG 2000; Edinburgh. [cited October 5 2001] Available from URL http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/crag/topics/diabetes/scdcontent.htm

3 World Health Organisation, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Geneva: WHO; 1999. [cited 2001, August 21] Available from URL http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf [section 1] [section 8.11] [section 8.11.1]

4 International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents. Zeist: Medical Forum International; 2000. [cited 2001, August 21]. Available from URL http://www.diabetesguidelines.com/health/dwk/pro/guidelines/ISPAD/ispad.asp

5 Rangasami JJ, Greenwood DC, McSporran B, Smail PJ, Patterson CC, Waugh NR. Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes in Scottish children, 1984-93. The Scottish Study Group for the Care of Young Diabetics. Arch Dis Child 1997; 77: 210-3.

6 Fagot-Campagna A, Narayan KM, Imperatore G. Type 2 diabetes in children. BMJ 2001; 322: 377-8.

7 Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population- based study (DIABAUD2). Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 239-44. [section 2.1.1] [section 2.3.1]

8 Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 3-15.

9 Rosenbloom AL, Schatz DA, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Becker DJ, Laporte RE, et al. Therapeutic controversy: prevention and treatment of diabetes in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 494-522.

10 Lanng S, Hansen A, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C. Glucose tolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis: five year prospective study BMJ 1995; 311: 655-99.

11 Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C. Influence of the development of diabetes mellitus on clinical status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr. 1992; 151: 684-87.

12 Lanng S Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C. Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis: effect of insulin therapy on lung function and infections. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 849-53.

13 Siminerio LM, Charron-Prochownik D, Banion C, Schreiner B. Comparing outpatient and inpatient diabetes education for newly diagnosed pediatric patients. Diabetes Educ 1999; 25: 895-906.

14 Chase HP, Crews KR, Garg S, Crews MJ, Cruickshanks KJ, Klingensmith G, et al. Outpatient management vs in-hospital management of children with new-onset diabetes. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992; 31: 450-6.

15 Simell T, Putto-Laurilla A, Nanto-Salonen K et al. Randomised prospective trial of ambulatory treatment and one-week hospitalisation with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44; 594A.

16 Hinde FR, Johnston DI. Two or three insulin injections in adolescence? Arch Dis Child 1986; 61:118-23.

17 Bougneres PF, Landais P, Mairesse AM, Jais JP, Jos J, Peyraud J, et al. Improvement of diabetic control and acceptability of a three-injection insulin regimen in diabetic adolescents. A multicenter controlled study. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 94-102.[section 2] [section 3]

18 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. New Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86. [section 2.3.1] [section 2.3.2] [section 2.5.1] [section 3] [section 5] [section 6]

19 Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 177-88.[section 2.3.1] [section 2.3.2] [section 2.5.1]

20 Gale EA. A randomized, controlled trial comparing insulin lispro with human soluble insulin in patients with Type 1 diabetes on intensified insulin therapy. The UK Trial Group. Diabet Med 2000; 3: 209-14.

21 Brunelle BL, Llewelyn J, Anderson JH Jr, Gale EA, Koivisto VA. Meta-analysis of the effect of insulin lispro on severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 10: 1726-31.

22 Mohn A, Matyka KA, Harris DA, Ross KM, Edge JA, Dunger DB. Lispro or regular insulin for multiple injection therapy in adolescence. Differences in free insulin and glucose levels overnight. Diabetes Care 1999; 1: 27-32.

23 Waldron S. Current controversies in the dietary management of diabetes in childhood and adolescence. Br J Hosp Med 1996; 56: 450-5.

24 Reid GJ, Dubow EF, Carey TC, Dura JR. Contribution of coping to medical adjustment and treatment responsibility among children and adolescents with diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994; 15: 327-35.

25 Galatzer A, Amir S, Gil R, Karp M, Laron Z. Crisis intervention program in newly diagnosed diabetic children. Diabetes Care 1982; 5: 414-9.

26 Overstreet S, Goins J, Chen RS, Holmes CS, Greer T, Dunlap WP, et al. Family environment and the interrelation of family structure, child behavior, and metabolic control for children with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1995; 20: 435-47.

27 Blankfield and Holahan. Family support, coping strategies and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with diabetes. J Family Psychol 1996;10:173-179.

28 Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Toporoff E, Cassuto N, Resnick MD, Blum RW. Psychosocial predictors of binge eating and purging behaviors among adolescents with and without diabetes mellitus. J Adolesc Health 1996;19:289-96.

29 Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, Olmsted MP, Rodin G. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000 10;320:1563-6.

30 Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH, Thurber FW. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1330-6.

31 Hampson SE, Skinner TC, Hart J, Storey L, Gage H, Foxcroft D, Kimber A, Shaw K, Walker J. Effects of educational and psychosocial interventions for adolescents with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2001;5:1-79.

32 Satin W, La Greca AM, Zigo MA, Skyler JS. Diabetes in adolescence: effects of multifamily group intervention and parent simulation of diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1989;14:259-75.

33 Anderson BJ, Brackett J, Ho J, Laffel LM. An office-based intervention to maintain parent-adolescent teamwork in diabetes management. Impact on parent involvement, family conflict, and subsequent glycemic control. Diabetes Care 1999;22:713-21.

34 Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M, Li J, Tamborlane WV. Coping skills training for youth with diabetes mellitus has long-lasting effects on metabolic control and quality of life. J Pediatr 2000;137:107-13.

35 Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M, Yu C, Sullivan-Bolyai S, Tamborlane WV. Short-term effects of coping skills training as adjunct to intensive therapy in adolescents. Diabetes Care 1998;21:902-8.

36 Moore WV, Donaldson DL, Chonko AM, Ideus P, Wiegmann TB. Ambulatory blood pressure in type I diabetes mellitus. Comparison to presence of incipient nephropathy in adolescents and young adults. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1035-41.

37 Holl RW, Lang GE, Grabert M, Heinze E, Lang GK, Debatin KM. Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 790-4.

38 Schultz CJ, Konopelska-Bahu T, Dalton RN, Carroll TA, Stratton I, Gale EA, et al. Microalbuminuria prevalence varies with age, sex, and puberty in children with type 1 diabetes followed from diagnosis in a longitudinal study. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 495-502.

39 Danne T, Kordonouri O, Casani A, Tumini S, Chiarelli F. Recent advances on the pathogenesis and management of both diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy with particular reference to children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999; 12: 136-44.

40 Mathiesen ER, Saurbrey N, Hommel E, Parving HH. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in children with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 640-3.

41 Janner M, Knill SE, Diem P, Zuppinger KA, Mullis PE. Persistent microalbuminuria in adolescents with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated to early rather than late puberty. Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153: 403-8.

42 Jones CA, Leese GP, Kerr S, Bestwick K, Isherwood DI, Vora JP, et al. Development and progression of microalbuminuria in a clinic sample of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78: 518-23.

43 Sochett EB, Poon I, Balfe W, Daneman D. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adolescents with and without microalbuminuria. J Diabetes Complications 1998; 12: 18-23.

44 Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Ibsen KK, Parving HH. Relationship between blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate in young Danish type 1 diabetic patients: comparison to non-diabetic children. Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 155-61.

45 Schultz CJ, Neil HA, Dalton RN, Konopelska Bahu T, Dunger DB. Blood pressure does not rise before the onset of microalbuminuria in children followed from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 555-60.

46 Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Betterle C, Borkenstein M, et al. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32: 121-4.

47 Lorini R, Scotta MS, Cortona L, Avanzini MA, Vitali L, De Giacomo C, et al. Celiac disease and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in childhood: follow-up study. J Diabetes Complications 1996; 10: 154-9.

48 Carlsson AK, Axelsson IE, Borulf SK, Bredberg AC, Lindberg BA, Sjoberg KG, et al. Prevalence of IgA-antiendomysium and IgA-antigliadin autoantibodies at diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Swedish children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1248-52.

49 Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Schmechel H, Rothe G, Schulze J, Dude H, et al. Diabetes Intervention Study. Multi-intervention trial in newly diagnosed NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 308-17.

50 Padgett D, Mumford E, Hynes M, Carter R. Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on the management of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 1007-30.

51 Brown SA. Studies of educational interventions and outcomes in diabetic adults: a meta-analysis revisited. Patient Educ Couns 1990; 16: 189-215.

52 Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson SE. Effects of a brief office-based intervention to facilitate diabetes dietary self-management. Diabetes Care 1996; 1: 835-42.

53 Krishna S, Balas EA, Spencer DC, Griffin JZ, Boren SA. Clinical trials of interactive computerized patient education: implications for family practice. Fam Pract 1997: 45: 25-33.

54 Griffin SJ. Lost to follow-up: the problem of defaulters from diabetes clinics. Diabet Med 1998; 15 (suppl 3): s14-s24.

55 Kinmonth AL, Woodcock A, Griffin S, Spiegal N, Campbell MJ. Randomised controlled trial of patient centred care of diabetes in general practice: impact on current wellbeing and future disease risk. The Diabetes Care From Diagnosis Research Team. BMJ 1998; 317: 1202-8.

56 Adams CE, Cook DL. The impact of a diabetes nurse educator on nurses' knowledge of diabetes and nursing interventions in a home care setting. Diabetes Educator 1994; 20: 49-53.

57 Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie JK, Swaminathan R. Monitoring blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000; 4: 1-93.

58 Talbot F, Nouwen, A. A review of the relationship between depression and diabetes in adults: is there a link? Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1556-62.

59 Amato L, Paolisso G, Cacciatore F, Ferrara N, Canonico S, Rengo F, Varricchio M. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a greater prevalence of depression in the elderly. The Osservatorio Geriatrico of Campania Region Group. Diabetes Metab. 1996; 22: 314-8.

60 Bailey BJ. Mediators of depression in adults with diabetes. Clin Nurs Res 1996; 5: 28-42.

61 Lloyd CE, Matthews KA, Wing RR, Orchard TJ. Psychosocial factors and complications of IDDM. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. VIII. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 166-72.

62 Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Freedland KE, Kissel SS, Clouse RE. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 613-21.

63 Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, Clouse, RE. Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2000; 236: 618-23.

64 Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rubin EH, et al. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 1997; 59: 241-50.

65 Spiess K, Sachs G, Pietschmann P, Prager R. A program to reduce onset distress in unselected type I diabetic patients: effects on psychological variables and metabolic control. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 132: 580-6.

66 Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M, Yu C, Sullivan-Bolyai S, Tamborlane WV. Short-term effects of coping skills training as adjunct to intensive therapy in adolescents. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 902-8.

67 Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Persistence of depressive symptoms in diabetic adults. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 448-52.

68 Stenstrom U, Wikby A, Hornqvist JO, Andersson PO. Recent life events, gender differences, and the control of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 2-year follow-up study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995; 17: 433-9.

69 Influence of intensive diabetes treatment on quality-of-life outcomes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 195-203.

70 Quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients is affected by complications but not by intensive policies to improve blood glucose or blood pressure control (UKPDS 37). U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1125-36.

71 Mayou R, Bryant B, Turner R. Quality of life in non-insulin-dependent diabetes and a comparison with insulin-dependent diabetes. J Psychosom Res 1990; 34: 1-11.

72 Ruggiero L, Rossi JS, Prochaska JO, Glasgow RE, de Groot M, Dryfoos JM, et al. Smoking and diabetes: readiness for change and provider advice. Addict Behav 1999; 24: 573-8.

73 Boyle RG, O'Connor PJ, Pronk NP, Tan A. Stages of change for physical activity, diet, and smoking among HMO members with chronic conditions. Am J Health Promot 1998; 12: 170-5.

74 Silagy, C. and S. Ketteridge. Physician advice for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 1998. Oxford: Update Software.

75 Rice, VH. and L. F. Stead. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.

76 Canga N, De Irala J, Vara E, Duaso MJ, Ferrer A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1455-60.

77 Stead, L. F. and T. Lancaster. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 1999. Oxford: Update Software.

78 Silagy, C., D. Mant, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 1999. Oxford: Update Software.

79 Hughes, J. R., L. F. Stead, et al. Anxiolytics and antidepressants for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 1999. Oxford: Update Software..[section 3.4.2] [section 3.4.3]

80 Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1195-202.

81 Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 685-91.

82 Gourlay, S. G., L. F. Stead, et al. Clonidine for smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2000.

83 White AR, Rampes H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2000.

84 Lancaster, T. and L. F. Stead . Silver acetate for smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2000.

85 Blondal T, Gudmundsson LJ, Olafsdottir I, Gustavsson G, Westin A. Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up. BMJ 1999; 18: 285-9.

86 Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Benhamou S. Smoking cessation rates 4 years after treatment by nicotine gum and acupuncture. Prev Med 1997; 26: 25-8.

87 Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Krolewski AS, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991; 338: 774-8.

88 Manson JE, Nathan DM, Krolewski AS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA 1992; 268: 63-7.

89 Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537-44. [section 3.5.2] [section 3.6.2]

90 Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Salonen R, et al. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1307-14.

91 Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 147-52.

92 Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA 1999; 282: 1433-9.

93 Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Hwang LJ, Marcus EB, Yano K. Physical activity and incidence of diabetes: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 360-8.

94 Bailey CJ. The diabetes prevention program:headline results. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2001;1:62-4.

95 Lowther M, Mutrie N, Loughlan C, McFarlane C. Development of a Scottish physical activity questionnaire: a tool for use in physical activity interventions. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33: 244-9.

96 Albright AL. Exercise precautions and recommendations for patients with autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Spectrum 1998; 11: 231-237.

97 American College of Sports Medicine and American Diabetes Association joint position statement. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: i-vi. [section 3.5.4] [section 3.5.6]

98 Diabetes Mellitus and Exercise. Diabetes Care 2001: 24; Suppl. 1: S51-S5. [section 3.5.4] [section 3.5.6]

99 Dunstan DW, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Morton AR, Stanton KG. Effects of a short-term circuit weight training program on glycaemic control in NIDDM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998; 40: 53-61.

100 Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Medi Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32: 1345-60.

101 Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Garcia ME, Kohl HW 3rd, Blair SN. Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999; 281: 327-34.

102 Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, Anstiss T, Morris J. Randomised controlled trials of physical activity promotion in free living populations: a review. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 448-53.

103 Weyer C, Linkeschowa R, Heise T, Giesen HT, Spraul M. Implications of the traditional and the new ACSM physical activity recommendations on weight reduction in dietary treated obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 1071-8.

104 Loughlan C, Mutrie N. An evaluation of the effectiveness of three interventions in promoting physical activity in a sedentary population. Health Education Journal 1997; 56: 154-65.

105 Schiffrin A, Parikh S. Accommodating planned exercise in type I diabetic patients on intensive treatment. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 337-42. [section 3.5.5] [section 3.5.6]

106 Frid A, Ostman J, Linde B. Hypoglycemia risk during exercise after intramuscular injection of insulin in thigh in IDDM. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 473-7.

107 Koivisto VA, Felig P. Effects of leg exercise on insulin absorption in diabetic patients. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 79-83.

108 Calle-Pascual AL, Martin-Alvarez PJ, Reyes C, Calle JR. Regular physical activity and reduced occurrence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabete Metab 1993; 19: 304-9.

109 Cruickshanks KJ, Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Physical activity and proliferative retinopathy in people diagnosed with diabetes before age 30 yr. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1267-72.

110 Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1677-83.

111 Relative efficacy of randomly allocated diet, sulphonylurea, insulin, or metformin in patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes followed for three years (UKPDS 13). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1995;310:83-8.

112 Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients (UKPDS 7). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Metabolism 1990; 39: 905-12.[section 3.6.1] [section 3.6.2]

113 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Lipids and the primary prevention of coronary heart disease: A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh:SIGN;1999 (SIGN Publication no. 40). [section 3] [section 4]

114 Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:353-5.

115 Ha TKK, Lean MEJ. Technical Review. Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1998, 52, 467-481.

116 Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-50.

117 Dyson PA, Hammersley MS, Morris RJ, Holman RR, Turner RC. The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study: II. Randomized controlled trial of reinforced healthy-living advice in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism 1997; 46: 50-5.

118 Colman E, Katzel LI, Rogus E, Coon P, Muller D, Goldberg AP. Weight loss reduces abdominal fat and improves insulin action in middle-aged and older men with impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism 1995; 44: 1502-8.

119 Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 891-8.

120 Glasgow RE, Perry JD, Toobert DJ, Hollis JF. Brief assessments of dietary behavior in field settings. Addict Behav 1996; 21: 239-47.

121 Little P, Margetts B. The importance of diet and physical activity in the treatment of conditions managed in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1996; 46: 187-92.

122 Kristal AR, Abrams BF, Thornquist MD, Disogra L, Croyle RT, Shattuck AL, et al. Development and validation of a food use checklist for evaluation of community nutrition interventions. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 1318-22.

123 Robson PJ, Gallagher AM, Livingstone MB, Cran GW, Strain JJ, Savage JM, et al. Tracking of nutrient intakes in adolescence: the experiences of the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland. Br J Nutr 2000; 84: 541-8.

124 Roe L, Strong C, Whiteside C, Neil A, Mant D. Dietary intervention in primary care: validity of the DINE method for diet assessment. Fam Pract 1994; 11: 375-81.

125 Hebert JR, Ockene IS, Hurley TG, Luippold R, Well AD, Harmatz MG. Development and testing of a seven-day dietary recall. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1997; 50: 925-37.

126 Thomas B, editor. Manual of dietetic practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1994. p.14-28.

127 Bowen DJ, Fries E, Hopp HP. Effects of dietary fat feedback on behavioral and psychological variables. J Behav Med 1994; 17: 589-604.

128 Kristal AR, Glanz K, Curry SJ, Patterson RE. How can stages of change be best used in dietary interventions? J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 679-84.

129 Greene GW, Rossi SR, Reed GR, Willey C, Prochaska JO. Stages of change for reducing dietary fat to 30% of energy or less. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 1105-10.

130 Agurs-Collins TD, Kumanyika SK, Ten Have TR, Adams-Campbell LL. A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise for diabetes management in older African-American subjects. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1503-11.

131 Campbell LV, Barth R, Gosper JK, Jupp JJ, Simons LA, Chisholm DJ. Impact of intensive educational approach to dietary change in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 841-7.

132 Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Brown JE, Lewinsohn PM, Donnelly J. Improving self-care among older patients with type II diabetes: the "Sixty Something..." Study. Patient Educ Couns 1992; 19: 61-74.

133 Smith DE, Heckemeyer CM, Kratt PP, Mason DA. Motivational interviewing to improve adherence to a behavioral weight-control program for older obese women with NIDDM. A pilot study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 52-4.

134 Glasgow RE, La Chance PA, Toobert DJ, Brown J, Hampson SE, Riddle MC. Long-term effects and costs of brief behavioural dietary intervention for patients with diabetes delivered from the medical office. Patient Educ Couns 1997; 32: 175-84.

135 Arseneau DL, Mason AC, Wood OB, Schwab E, Green D. A comparison of learning activity packages and classroom instruction for diet management of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ 1994; 20: 509-14.

136 Manning RM, Jung RT, Leese GP, Newton RW. The comparison of four weight reduction strategies aimed at overweight diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 409-15.

137 Franz MJ, Monk A, Barry B, McClain K, Weaver T, Cooper N, et al. Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 1009-17.

138 Franz MJ, Splett PL, Monk A, Barry B, McClain K, Weaver T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians for persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 1018-24.

139 Laitinen JH, Ahola IE, Sarkkinen ES, Winberg RL, Harmaakorpi-Iivonen PA, Uusitupa MI. Impact of intensified dietary therapy on energy and nutrient intakes and fatty acid composition of serum lipids in patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 276-83.

140 Laitinen J, Uusitupa M, Ahola I, Siitonen O. Metabolic and dietary determinants of serum lipids in obese patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Ann Med 1994; 26: 119-24.

141 Vanninen E, Uusitupa M, Lansimies E, Siitonen O, Laitinen J. Effect of metabolic control on autonomic function in obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 66-73.

142 Haynes RB, Kris-Etherton P, McCarron DA, Oparil S, Chait A, Resnick LM, et al. Nutritionally complete prepared meal plan to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 1077-83.

143 Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, Burton LR, Raether C, Harvey J, et al. Strengthening behavioral interventions for weight loss: a randomized trial of food provision and monetary incentives. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61: 1038-45.

144 Metz JA, Kris-Etherton PM, Morris CD, Mustad VA, Stern JS, Oparil S, et al. Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 373-85.

145 Pi-Sunyer FX, Maggio CA, McCarron DA, Reusser ME, Stern JS, Haynes RB, et al. Multicenter randomized trial of a comprehensive prepared meal program in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 191-7.

146 Gin H, Morlat P, Ragnaud JM, Aubertin J. Short-term effect of red wine (consumed during meals) on insulin requirement and glucose tolerance in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 546-8.

147 Koivisto VA, Tulokas S, Toivonen M, Haapa E, Pelkonen R. Alcohol with a meal has no adverse effects on postprandial glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1612-4.

148 Moriarty KT, Maggs DG, MacDonald IA , Tattersall RB. Does ethanol cause hypoglycaemia in overnight fasted patients with type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med 1993; 10: 61-5.

149 Christiansen C, Thomsen C, Rasmussen O, Hansen C, Hermansen K. The acute impact of ethanol on glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol,and free fatty acid responses and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 1996; 76: 669-75.

150 Rasmussen BM, Christiansen C, Rasmussen OW, Hansen C, Hermansen K. Alcohol and postexercise metabolic responses in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 1999; 48: 597-602.

151 Burge MR, Zeise TM, Sobhy TA, Rassam AG, Schade DS. Low-dose ethanol predisposes elderly fasted patients with type 2 diabetes to sulphonylurea-induced low blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 2037-43.

152 Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall study. Lancet 1980; 28: 1373-6.

153 Rosengren A, Welin L, Tsipogianni A, Wilhelmsen L. Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on coronary heart disease and mortality among middle aged diabetic men: a general population study. BMJ 1989; 299: 1127-31.

154 Bell DS. Stroke in the diabetic patient. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 213-9.

155 Schernthaner G. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in type-2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 31 Suppl:S3-13.

156 Yudkin JS, Blauth C, Drury P, Fuller J, Henley J, Lancaster T, et al. Prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus: an evidence base. Diabet Med 1996; 13(9 Suppl 4): S101-21.

157 Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG. The changing face of macrovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: an epidemic in progress. Lancet 1997; 350 (suppl I): 1-4.

158 Kanters SD, Banga JD, Stolk RP, Algra A. Incidence and determinants of mortality and cardiovascular events in diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Vasc Med 1999; 4: 67-75.

159 Howard BV, Cowan LD, Go O, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Lee ET. Adverse effects of diabetes on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in women. The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1258-65.

160 Lee WL, Cheung AM, Cape D, Zinman B. Impact of diabetes on coronary artery disease in women and men: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 962-8.

161 Excess mortality in a population with diabetes and the impact of material deprivation: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 2001; 322: 1389 -93.

162 Chaturvedi N, Jarrett J, Shipley MJ, Fuller JH. Socioeconomic gradient in morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes: cohort study findings from the Whitehall Study and the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. BMJ 1998; 316: 100-5.

163 Ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. The incidence of myocardial infarction in white, South Asian, and Afro-Caribbean patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 32). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1271-7.

164 Dierkx RI, van de Hoek W, Hoekstra JB, Erkelens DW, et al. Smoking and diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med 1996; 48: 150-62.

165 Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (UKPDS 23). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998; 316: 823-8.

166 Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K. Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 1175-84.

167 Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434-44.

168 Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E. Interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus in the prediction of death attributed to cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 670-5.

169 Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannel WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes 1974; 23: 105-11.

170 Fontbonne A, Eschwege E, Cambien F, Richard JL, Ducimetiere P, Thibult N, et al. Hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary artery disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11-year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 300-4.

171 Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, Yudkin JS, Matthews DR, Cull CA, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-9. [section 4] [section 6]

172 Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 2000; 321: 405-12. [section 4] [section 6]

173 Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1413-8.

174 Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet 1998;352:854-65. [section 4] [section 6]

175 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993 30;329:977-86.

176 Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-62.

177 Lithell H, Berglund L. Validation of an oscillometric blood pressure measuring device: a substudy of the HOT Study. Hypertension Optimal Treatment. Blood Press 1998; 7: 149-52.

178 Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, Applegate WB, Williamson JD, Cavazzini C, et al. Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2000; 356: 1949-54.

179 Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000; 356: 1955-64.

180 Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-60.

181 Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaemia Association, British Hypertension Society, endorsed by the British Diabetic Association. Heart 1998;80 Suppl 2:S1-29.

182 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Antithrombotic therapy: A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh:SIGN;1999 (SIGN Publication no. 36).

183 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease following myocardial infarction: A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh:SIGN;2000 (SIGN Publication no. 41).

184 Herlitz J, Malmberg K, Karlson BW, Ryden L & Hjalmarson A. Mortality and morbidity during a five-year follow-up of diabetics with myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1988; 224: 31-8.

185 Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997; 314: 1512-5.

186 Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1994;343: 311-22.

187 Thomas K, Ottervanger JP, de Boer MJ, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JC, Zijlstra F. Primary angioplasty compared with thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 647-9.

188 Hasdai D, Granger CB, Srivatsa SS, Criger DA, Ellis SG, Califf RM, et al. Diabetes mellitus and outcome after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: lessons from the GUSTO-IIb Angioplasty Substudy. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1502-12.

189 The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project (BBPP): subgroup findings from randomized trials in post infarction patients. The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project Research Group. Eur Heart Journal 1988; 9: 8-16.

190 Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialist Collaboration. BMJ 1994; 308: 81-106.

191 Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK; The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502.

192 Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA 1995; 273: 1450-6.

193 Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet 1993; 342: 821-8.

194 Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-77.

195 Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 1670-6.

196 Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293-302.

197 Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-35.

198 Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet. 2000; 355: 253-9. [section 4] [section 5.4] [section 5.5] [section 5.5.2]

199 Syvanne M, Taskinen MR. Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997;350 (Suppl 1):SI20-3.

200 Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.

201 Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.

202 Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Howard BV, Howard WJ, Davis BR, Cole TG, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. Circulation 1998;98:2513-9.

203 Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.

204 Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;34:410-8.

205 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Coronary revascularisation in the management of stable angina pectoris: A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh:SIGN;1998 (SIGN Publication no. 32).

206 Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). Circulation 1997; 96: 1761-9.

207 King SB, III, Kosinski A, Guyton RA, Lembo NJ, Weintraub WS. Eight year mortality in the Emory Angioplasty vs Surgery Trial (EAST). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1116-21.

208 Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970-1062.

209 Meads C, Cummins C, Jolly K, Hyde C, Burls A. Coronary artery stents in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 1999 [cited 2001, August 24].Available from URL http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/HTAReport-Stents.pdf

210 Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 956-61.

211 Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. The EPILOG Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1689-96.

212 Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Integrilin to Minimise Platelet Aggregation and Coronary Thrombosis-II. Lancet 1997; 349: 1422-8.

213 Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1429-35.

214 Bell DSH, Ovalle F. Stroke management in the diabetic patient. Journal of Critical Illness 1999; 14: 309-18.

215 Connell SJ, Hollis S, Tieszen KL, McMurray JR, Dornan TL. Gender and the clinical usefulness of the albumin: creatinine ratio. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 32-6.

216 Parving HH, Hommel E, Mathiesen E, Skott P, Edsberg B, Bahnsen M, et al. Prevalence of microalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, retinopathy and neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296: 156-60.

217 Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, Becker DJ, Drash AL, Ellis D, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II. Diabetes 1990; 39: 1116-23.

218 Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 278-85.

219 Messent JW, Elliott TG, Hill RD, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Viberti GC. Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a twenty-three year follow-up study. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 836-9.

220 Predictors of the development of microalbuminuria in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a seven-year prospective study. The Microalbuminuria Collaborative Study Group. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 918-25.

221 Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1703-20. [section 5.2.1] [section 5.5.4]

222 Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Progression of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 702-9. [section 5.2.1] [section 5.5.1]

223 Wang SL, Head J, Stevens L, Fuller JH. Excess mortality and its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients. The world health organization multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 305-12. [section 5.2.1] [section 5.2.2]

224 Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Feder G, Home PD, Mason J, O'Keefe C, Young R. (2000). Clinical guidelines and evidence review type 2 diabetes. Prevention and management of foot problems. London: Royal College of General Practitioners; 2000. [cited 2001, August 24]. Available from URL http://www.rcgp.org.uk/rcgp/clinspec/guidelines/diabetes/index.asp [section 5.2.2] [section 5.3]

225 Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. New Engl Med 1984; 310: 356-60.

226 Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Long-term effect of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1182-8.

227 Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1413-8.

228 Mattock MB, Morrish NJ, Viberti G, Keen H, Fitzgerald AP, Jackson G. Prospective study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41: 736-41.

229 Schmitz A, Vaeth M. Microalbuminuria: a major risk factor in non-insulin dependent diabetes. A 10-year follow-up study of 503 patients. Diabet Med 1988; 5: 126-34.

230 Mogensen CE, Keane WF, Bennett PH, Jerums G, Parving H-H, Passa P, et al. Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria. Lancet 1995; 346: 1080-4.

231 Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 837-53. [section 5] [section 6.1.2] [section 6.2.1]

232 Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: (UKPDS 38). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-13. [section 5.4] [section 5.5] [section 6.1.1] [section 6.1.2]

233 Mathiesen ER, Hommel E, Giese J, Parving HH. Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1991; 303: 81-7. [section 5.5.1] [section 5.5.2]

234 Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. The EUCLID study group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1787-92. [section 5.5.1] [section 5.5.2]

235 Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62. [section 5.5.1] [section 5.5.2]

236 Kasiske BL, Kalil RS, Ma JZ, Liao M, Keane WF. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: a meta-regression analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 129-38.

237 Mann JFE, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusef S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovasular outcomes and the impact of ramipril; the HOPE randomised trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 629-36.

238 Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-8.

239 Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-60.

240 Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-9.

241 Levin SR, Coburn JW, Abraira C, Henderson WG, Colwell JA, Emanuele NV, Nuttall FQ, Sawin CT, Comstock JP, Silbert CK. Effect of intensive glycaemic control on microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1478-85.

242 Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 627-32.

243 Kasiske BL. Lakatua JDA, Ma JZ, Louis TA. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kid Dis 1998; 31: 954-61.

245 Trautner C, Icks A, Haastert B, Plum F, Berger M. Incidence of blindness in relation to diabetes. A population-based study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1147-53.

246 Rhatigan MC, Leese GP, Ellis J, Ellingford A, Morris AD, Newton RW, Roxburgh ST. Blindness in patients with diabetes who have been screened for eye disease. Eye 1999; 13: 166-9.

247 Cormack TG, Grant B, Macdonald MJ, Steel J, Campbell IW. Incidence of blindness due to diabetic eye disease in Fife 1990-9. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85: 354-6.

248 Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 874-86. [section 5] [section 6.1.1] [section 6.1.2]

249 The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:36-51.

250 Klein R, Meuer SM, Moss SE, Klein BE. Retinal microaneurysm counts and 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 1386-91.

251 Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, Turner RC, Matthews DR. Microaneurysms in the development of diabetic retinopathy (UKPDS 42). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 1107-12.

252 Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102: 527-32.

253 Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 520-6.

254 Mathiesen ER, Ronn B, Storm B, Foght H, Deckert T. The natural course of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes: a 10-year prospective study. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 482-7.

255 Savage S, Estacio RO, Jeffers B, Schrier RW. Urinary albumin excretion as a predictor of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1243-8.

256 Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE, Barton F, Aiello LM, Chew EY, et al. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report #18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 233-52.

257 Klein BE, Moss SE, Klein R. Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 34-40.

258 Karamanos B, Porta M, Songini M, Metelko Z, Kerenyi Z, Tamas G, et al. Different risk factors of microangiopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus of short versus long duration. The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 348-55.

259 Muhlhauser I, Bender R, Bott U, Jorgens V, Grusser M, Wagener W, et al. Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 536-43.

260 Solberg Y, Rosner M, Belkin M. The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases. Surv Ophthalmol 1998; 42: 535-57.

261 Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Turner RC, Holman RR, Manley SE, et al. Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis (UKPDS 50). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 156-63.

262 Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 1-9.

263 Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat A. Diabetes, hypertension and central obesity as cataract risk factors in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study. Ophthalm 1999; 106: 35-41.

264 Rowe NG, Mitchell PG, Cumming RG, Wans JJ. Diabetes, fasting blood glucose and age related cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2000; 7: 103-14.

265 Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and the 5-year incidence of age-related cataract and progression of lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 126: 782-90.

266 Wang PH, Lau J, Chalmers TC. Meta-analysis of intensive blood-glucose control on late complications of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 1993; 341: 1306-9.

267 Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, Abrahamian H, Keipes M, Castellarin A, Rogulja-Pepeonik Z, Fuller JH. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998;351:28-31.

268 Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Holman RR, Matthews DR, Turner RC. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:297-303.

269 Taylor R. Practical community screening for diabetic retinopathy using the mobile retinal camera: report of a 12 centre study. British Diabetic Association Mobile Retinal Screening Group. Diab Med 1996; 13: 946-52. [section 6.2.1] [section 6.2.2] [section 6.2.3]

270 Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J, O'Keefe C, Khunti K, Baker R, et al. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy - a systematic review. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 495-506. [section 6.2.1] [section 6.2.2]

271 Bonney M, Hing SJ, Fung AT, Stephens MM, Fairchild JM, Donaghue KC, et al. Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: adolescents at risk. Diabetes Med 1995; 12: 967-73.

272 Younis M, Broadbent DM, Harding SP, Vora JP. Incidence of diabetic eye disease in patients with type 2 diabetes without retinoapthy at baseline: impact on screen intervals. The Liverpool diabetic eye study. Diab Med 2001; 18(suppl 2) A25.

273 Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, Holman RR and Matthews DR. Relationship between the severity of retinopathy and progression to photocoagulation in patients with Type 2 diabetes in the UKPDS (UKPDS 52). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diab Med 2001; 18: 178-84.

274 British Diabetic Association. Retinal photography screening for diabetic eye disease. A Brisith Diabetic Association Report 1997. London:BDA.

275 The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.Guidelines for diabetic retinopathy. London: The College; 1997. [section 6.2.2] [section 6.3.3]

276 Harding SP, Broadbent DM, Neoh C, White MC, Vora J. Sensitivity and specificity of photography and direct ophthalmoscopy in screening for sight threatening eye disease: the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study. BMJ 1995; 311: 1131-5.

277 Kinyoun J, Barton F, Fisher M, Hubbard L, Aiello L, Ferris F 3rd. Detection of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmoscopy versus photography--Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 5. The ETDRS Research Group. Ophthalmology 1989;96:746-50. [section 6.2.2] [section 6.3.5]

278 Leese GP, Tesfaye S, Dengler-Harles M, Laws F, Clark DI, Gill GV, Macfarlane IA. Screening for diabetic eye disease by optometrists using slit lamps. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1997;31:65-9.

279 Leese GP, Newton RW, Jung RT, Haining W, Ellingford A. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in a widely spaced population using non-mydriatic fundus photography in a mobile unit. Tayside Mobile Eye Screening Unit. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 459-62.

280 College of Optometrists. Primary Eyecare Services (1999).

281 Ryder RE, Kong N, Bates AS, Sim J, Welch J, Kritzinger EE. Instant electronic imaging systems are superior to Polaroid at detecting sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 254-8.

282 Hipwell JH, Strachan F, Olson JA, McHardy KC, Sharp PF, Forrester JV. Automated detection of microaneurysms in digital red-free photographs: a diabetic retinopathy screening tool. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 588-94.

283 Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. DRS group 8: photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1981;88:583-600. [section 6.3.1] [section 6.3.3]

284 Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report no. 4. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987; 27: 265-72. [section 6.3.1] [section 6.3.5]

285 Ferris F. Early photocoagulation in patients with either type I or type II diabetes. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1996; 94: 505-37.

286 Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1796-1806.[section 6.3.1] [section 6.3.5]

287 Olk RJ. Modified grid argon (blue-green) laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1986;93:938-950.

288 Murphy RP, Egbert PR. Regression of iris neovascularization following panretinal photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97: 700-2.

289 Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report 5. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 958-64.

290 Yamamoto T, Akabane N, Takeuchi S. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: the role of posterior vitreous detachment and epimacular membrane. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2001;132:369-377.

291 Tachi N, Ogino N. Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;122:258-260.

292 Pendergast SD, Hassan TS, Williams GA, Cox MS, Margherio RR, Ferrone PJ, et al. Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2000;130:178-186.

293 Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous haemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Two-year results of a randomized trial. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study report 2. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1644-52.

294 Dowler JG, Hykin PG, Lightman SL, Hamilton AM. Visual acuity following extracapsular cataract extraction in diabetes: a meta-analysis. Eye 1995; 9: 313-7.

295 Chew EY, Benson WE, Remaley NA, Lindley AA, Burton TC, Csaky K, et al. Results after lens extraction in patients with diabetic retinopathy: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report number 25. Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117: 1600-6.

296 Jaffe GJ, Burton TC, Kuhn E, Prescott A, Hartz A. Progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and visual outcome after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114: 448-56.

297 Leat SJ, Fryer A, Rumney NJ. Outcome of low vision aid provision: the effectiveness of a low vision clinic. Optom Vis Sci 1994; 71: 199-206.

298 Kalafat J, Dehmer J. A survey of statewide self-help groups for older persons who are visually impaired. J Vis Impair Blind 1993; 87: 112-4.

299 Van Zandt PL, Van Zandt SL, Wang A. The role of support groups in adjusting to visual impairment in old age. J Vis Impair Blindness 1994; 88: 244-52.

300 Low Vision Services Consensus Group. Low Vision Services. Recommendations for future service delivery in the UK . London: Royal National Institute for the Blind; 1999.

301 The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. The provision of low vision care. 1999.

302 Williams and Airey, 2000 The size of the problem: Epidemiological and economic aspects of foot problems in diabetes In "The Foot in diabetes" 3rd ed. Boulton, AJM, Connor, H, Cavanagh, PR (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Chicester. [section 7.1] [section 7.2.2]

303 Peters EJ, Lavery LA; International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1442-7.

304 Adler AI, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Smith DG. Lower-extremity amputation in diabetes. The independent effects of peripheral vascular disease, sensory neuropathy, and foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1029-35.

305 Murray HJ, Young MJ, Hollis S, Boulton AJ. The association between callus formation, high pressures and neuropathy in diabetic foot ulceration. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 979-82.

306 Rith-Najarian SJ, Stolusky T, Gohdes DM. Identifying diabetic patients at high risk for lower-extremity amputation in a primary health care setting. A prospective evaluation of simple screening criteria. Diabetes Care 1992; 10: 1386-9.[section 7.1] [section 7.2.2]

307 Thomson FJ, Veves A, Ashe H, Knowles EA, Gem J, Walker MG, et al. A team approach to diabetic foot care - the Manchester experience. The Foot 1991; 2: 75-82.

308 Litzelman DK, Slemenda CW, Langefeld CD, Hays LM, Walch MA, Bild DE,et al. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:36-41.

309 Bloomgarden ZT, Karmally W, Metzger MJ, Brothers M, Nechemias C, Bookman J, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of diabetic patient education: improved knowledge without improved metabolic status. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 263-72.

310 Malone JM, Snyder M, Anderson G, Bernhard VM, Holloway GA Jr, Bunt TJ. Prevention of amputation by diabetic education. Am J Surg 1989; 158: 520-3.

311 Rönnemaa T, Hamalainen H, Toikka T, Liukkonen I. Evaluation of the impact of podiatrist care in the primary prevention of foot problems in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1833-7. [section 7.2.1] [section 7.2.3]

312 Dargis V, Pantelejeva O, Jonushaite A, Vileikyte L, Boulton AJ. Benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of recurrent diabetic foot ulceration in Lithuania: a prospective study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1428-31.[section 7.2.1] [section 7.2.4]

313 Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Williamson S Carrington AL, Boulton AJ. Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1071-74.

314 Young MJ, Breddy JL, Veves A, Boulton AJ. The prediction of diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration using vibration perception thresholds. A prospective study. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 557-60.

315 Apelqvist J, Larsson J, Agardh CD. The importance of peripheral pulses, peripheral oedema and local pain for the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Med. 1990; 7: 590-4.

316 Differences between Asian, Afro-Carribean and White Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients at diagnosis of diabetes (UKPDS 12). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetic Med 1994; 11: 670-7.

317 Emanuele MA, Buchanan BJ, Abraira C. Elevated leg systolic pressures and arterial calcification in diabetic occlusive vascular disease. Diabetes Care 1981; 4: 289-92.

318 Faglia E, Favales F, Aldeghi A, Calia P, Quarantiello A, Barbano P, et al. Change in major amputation rate in a center dedicated to diabetic foot care during the 1980s: prognostic determinants for major amputation. J Diabetes Complications 1998; 12: 96-102.

319 Albrektsen SB, Henriksen BM, Holstein PE. Minor amputations on the feet after revascularization for gangrene. A consecutive series of 95 limbs. Acta Ortho Scand 1997; 68: 291-3.

320 Larsson J, Apelqvist J, Agardh CD, Stenstrom A. Decreasing incidence of major amputation in diabetic patients: a consequence of a multidisciplinary foot care team approach? Diab Med 1995; 12: 770-6.

321 Crane M, Werber B. Critical pathway approach to diabetic pedal infections in a multidisciplinary setting. J Foot Ankle Surg 1999; 38: 30-3.

322 Rith-Najarian S, Branchaud C, Beaulieu O, Gohdes D, Simonson G, Mazze R. Reducing lower-extremity amputations due to diabetes. Application of the staged diabetes management approach in a primary care setting. J Fam Pract 1998; 47: 127-32.

323 Kastenbauer T, Sokol G, Auinger M, Irsigler K. Running shoes for relief of plantar pressure in diabetic patients. Diab Med 1998; 15: 518-22.

324 Perry JE, Ulbrecht JS, Derr JA, Cavanagh PR. The use of running shoes to reduce plantar pressures in patients who have diabetes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 1819-28.

325 Veves A, Masson EA, Fernando DJ, Boulton AJ. Use of experimental padded hosiery to reduce abnormal foot pressures in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 653-5.

326 Uccioli LE, Faglia, Monticone G, Favales F, Durola L, Aldeghi A, et al. Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1376-8.

327 Colagiuri S, Marsden LL, Naidu V, Taylor L. The use of orthotic devices to correct plantar callus in people with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28: 29-34.

328 Edmonds ME, Blundell MP, Morris ME, Thomas EM, Cotton LT, Watkins PJ. Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic. Q J Med 1986; 232: 763-71.

329 Breuer U. Diabetic patient's compliance with bespoke footwear after healing of neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabete Metab 1994; 20: 415-9.

330 Mueller MJ, Diamond JE, Sinacore DR, Delitto A, Blair VP 3rd, Drury DA, et al. Total contact casting in treatment of diabetic plantar ulcers. Controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 384-8.

331 Myerson M, Papa J, Eaton K, Wilson K. The total-contact cast for management of neuropathic plantar ulceration of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 261-9.

332 Laing PW, Cogley DI, Klenerman L. Neuropathic foot ulceration treated by total contact casts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74: 133-6.

333 Chantelau E, Haage P. An audit of cushioned diabetic footwear: relation to patient compliance. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 114-6.

334 Gloviczki P, Bower TC, Toomey BJ, Mendonca C, Naessens JM, Schabauer AM, et al. Microscope-aided pedal bypass is an effective and low-risk operation to salvage the ischemic foot. Am J Surg 1994; 168: 76-84.

335 Conte MS, Belkin M, Upchurch GR, Mannick JA, Whittemore AD, Donaldson MC. Impact of increasing comorbidity on infrainguinal reconstruction: a 20-year perspective. Ann Surg 2001; 233: 445-52.

336 Shah DM, Darling RC 3rd, Chang BB, Fitzgerald KM, Paty PS, Leather RP. Long-term results of in situ saphenous vein bypass. Analysis of 2058 cases. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 438-46.

337 LoGerfo FW, Gibbons GW, Pomposelli FB, Campbell DR, Miller A, Freeman DV, et al. Trends in the care of the diabetic foot. Expanded role of arterial reconstruction. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 617-21.

338 Griffiths GD, Wieman TJ. Metatarsal head resection for diabetic foot ulcers. Arch Surg 1990, 125: 832-5.

339 Wieman TJ, Griffiths GD, Polk HC Jr. Management of diabetic midfoot ulcers. Ann Surgery 1992; 215: 627-32.

340 Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Stern S, Harkless LB. Is prophylactic diabetic foot surgery dangerous? J Foot Ankle Surg 1996; 35: 585-9.

341 Brodsky JW, Rouse AM. Exostectomy for symptomatic bony prominences in diabetic charcot feet. Clin Orthop 1993; 296: 21-6.

342 Gough A, Clapperton M, Rolando N, Foster AV, Philpott-Howard J, Edmonds ME. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection. Lancet 1997; 350: 855-9.

343 Steed DL, Ricotta JJ, Prendergast JJ, Kaplan RJ, Webster MW, McGill JB, et al. Promotion and acceleration of diabetic ulcer healing by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide matrix. RGD Study Group. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 39-46.

344 Holloway G,Steed D,DeMarco M,Masmuto T,Moosa H,Webster M,Bunt T,Polansky M. A randomised controlled dose response trial of activated platelet supernatant,topical CT-102 in chronic,non-healing diabetic wounds. Wounds 1993;5:198-206.

345 Wieman TJ, Smiell JM, Su Y. Efficacy and safety of a topical gel formulation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (becaplermin) in patients with chronic neuropathic diabetic ulcers. A phase III randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 822-7.

346 Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Habershaw GM, Freeman DV, Pomposelli FB, Rosenblum BI, et al. Use of ampicillin/sulbactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of limb-threatening foot infections in diabetic patients. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 683-93.

347 Lipsky BA, Baker PD, Landon GC, Fernau R. Antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot infections: comparison of two parenteral-to-oral regimens. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 643-8.

348 Erstad BL Jr, McIntyre KE Jr, Mills JL. Prospective, randomized comparison of ampicillin/sulbactam and cefoxitin for diabetic foot infections. Vascular Surgery 1997; 31: 419-26.

349 Chantelau E, Tanudjaja T, Altenhofer F, Ersanli Z, Lacigova S, Metzger C. Antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated neuropathic forefoot ulcers in diabetes: a controlled trial. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 156-9.

350 Gentzkow GD, Iwasaki SD, Hershon KS, Mengel M, Prendergast JJ, Ricotta JJ, et al. Use of dermagraft, a cultured human dermis, to treat diabetic foot ulcers, Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 350-4.

351 Pham HT, Rosanblum BI, Lyons TE, Giurini JM, Chrzan JS, Habershaw FM, et al. Evaluation of a human skin equivalent for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Wounds 1999; 11: 79-86.

352 Gentzkow FD, Jenson JL, Pollack RA, Kroeker RO, Lerner JM Lerner M, et al. Improved healing of diabetic foot ulcers After grafting with a living human dermal replacement. Wounds 1999; 11: 77-84.

353 McQuay HJ, Tramer M, Nye BA, Carroll D, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain 1996; 68: 217-27.

354 McQuay H, Carroll D, Jadad AR, Wiffen P, Moore A. Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. BMJ 1995; 311: 1047-52.

355 Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR, Schwartz SL, Fonseca V, Hes M, et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1831-6.

356 Jeffcoate W, Lima J, Nobrega L. The Charcot foot. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 253-8.

357 Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Long term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 796-800.

358 McGill M, Molyneux L, Bolton T, Ioannou K, Uren R, Yue DK. Response of Charcot's arthropathy to contact casting: assessment by quantitative techniques. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 481-4.

359 Selby PL, Young ML, Boulton AJ. Bisphosphonates: a new treatment for diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy? Diabet Med 1994; 11: 28-31.

360 Guis S, Pellissier JF, Arniaud D, Turck F, Witjas T, Roux H, et al. Healing of Charcot's joint by pamidronate infusion. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1843-5.

361 Penney GC, Pearson D. A national audit to monitor and promote the uptake of clinical guidelines on the management of diabetes in pregnancy. Br J Clin Gov 2000; 5: 28-34. [section 8.1] [section 8.8]

362 Petersen KR, Skouby SO, Jespersen J. 1996 Contraception guidance in women with pre existing disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 1, 53-59.

363 Gupta S 1997 Clinical Guidelines on Contraception & Diabetes. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 2, 167-171.

364 Luukkainen T, Toivonen J. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD as a method of contraception with therapeutic properties. Contraception 1995; 52: 269-76.

365 Fuhrmann K, Reiher H, Semmler K, Fischer F, Fischer M, Glockner E. Prevention of congenital malformations in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 219-23.

366 Kitzmiller JL, Gavin LA, Gin GD, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Main EK, Zigrang WD. Preconception care of diabetes. Glycemic control prevents congenital anomalies. JAMA 1991; 265: 731-6.

367 Dietary recommendations for people with diabetes: an update for the 1990s. Nutrition Subcommittee of the British Diabetic Association's Profession Advisory Committee. Diab Med 1992; 9: 189-202.

368 Kirke PN, Molloy AM, Daly LE, Burke H, Weir DG, Scott JM Maternal plasma folate and vitamin B12 are independent risk factors for neural tube defects. Q J Med 1993; 86: 703-8.

369 Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 1991; 338: 131-7.

370 Recommendations for the management of pregnant women with diabetes (including Gestational diabetes). [Diabetes UK Care Recommendation] [Cited 25 october 2001]. Available from: URL: http://www.diabetes.org.uk/info/carerec/preg.htm

371 Rosenn B, Miodovnik M, Kranias G, Khoury J, Combs CA, Mimouni F, et al. Progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: association with hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1214-8.

372 Lauszus FF, Gron PL, Klebe JG. Pregnancies complicated by diabetic proliferative retinopathy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 77: 814-8.

373 Axer-Siegel R, Hod M, Fink-Cohen S, Kramer M, Weinberger D, Schindel B, et al. Diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 1815-9.

374 Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between pregnancy and long-term maternal complications in the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 494-9.

375 Bracero LA, Figueroa R, Byrne DW, Han HJ. Comparison of umbilical Doppler velocimetry, nonstress testing, and biophysical profile in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. J Ultrasound Med 1996; 15: 301-8.

376 Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z. Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.

377 Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.

378 Remsberg KE, McKeown RE, McFarland KF, Irwin LS. Diabetes in pregnancy and cesarean delivery. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1561-7.

379 Landon MB, Gabbe SG, Sachs L. Management of diabetes mellitus and pregnancy: a survey of obstetricians and maternal-fetal specialists. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 635-40.

380 Stenninger E, Flink R, Eriksson B, Sahlen C. Long Term Neurological Dysfunction and Neonatal Hypoglycaemia after Diabetic Pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;79:F174-9.

381 Ferris AM, Neubauer SH, Bendel RB, Green KW, Ingardia CJ, Reece EA. Perinatal lactation protocol and outcome in mothers with and without IDDM. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 43-8.

382 Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Reichelt AJ, Branchtein L, Matos MC, Costa e Forti A, Spichler ER, Pousada JM, Teixeira MM, Yamashita T. The Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study Group. Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed with a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1151-5.

383 Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. NEJM 1999; 341:1749-56.

384 Lind TA. A prospective multi centre study to determine the influence of pregnancy upon the 75g oral glucose tolerance test. In: Sutherland HW, Stowers JM, Pearson DWM (eds) carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy and the newborn IV. Berlin Springer. 1989, pp. 209-26.

385 O'Sullivan JB, The Boston Gestational Diabetes Studies: Review and Perspectives in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Sutherland HW, Stowers JM, Pearson DWM. (eds) Springer Verlag, London 1989 pp 287-294.

386 Sermer M, Naylor D, Gare DJ, Kenshole AB, etal. Impact of Increasing Carbohydrate Intolerance on Maternal - Fetal Outcomes in 3637 Women Without Gestational Diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 173: 146-156.

387 Garcia-Patterson A, Corcoy R, Balsells M, Altirriba O, Adelantado JM, Cabero L, de Leiva A. In pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus and intensive therapy, perinatal outcome is worse in small-for-gestational-age newborns. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:481-5.

388 Buchanan TA, Kjos SL, Montoro NM, Wu PY, Medrilejo NG, Gonzalez M, Nunez V. Use of Fetal Ultrasound to Select Metabolic Therapy for Pregnancies Complicated by Mild Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 275-283.