Antithrombotic Therapy
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123 Verstraete M. Thombolysis in the management of lower limb peripheral arterial occlusion - a consensus document. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 207-18.[Back]

124 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of patients with stroke. I: Assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention. Edinburgh: SIGN, 1997. (SIGN publication no. 13.)[Back] [section 7.1.1] [section 7.1.2] [section 7.2.1] [section 7.2.5]

125 The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-81. [Back] [section 7.1.1] [section 7.1.2]

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128 Sherman DG, Dyken ML Jr, Gent M, Harrison JG, Hart RG, Mohr JP. Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders. An update. Chest 1995; 108: 444s-456s. [Back]

129 Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 143: 1-13. [Back] [section 7] [section 11]

130 European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Efficacy and safety data. J Neurol Sci 1997; 151: 1s-77s.[Back]

131 Jonas S. Anticoagulant therapy in cerebrovascular disease: a review and meta-analysis. Stroke 1988; 19: 1043-8.[Back]

132 Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. Am Neurol 1997; 42: 857-65.[Back]

133 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of patients with stroke. II: Management of carotid stenosis and carotid endarterectomy. Edinburgh: SIGN, 1997. (SIGN publication no. 14.)[Back]

134 British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: third edition. Br J Haematol 1998; 101: 374-87.[Back] [section 8] [section 13.1] [section 13.3]

135 Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers, SG, Dahlöf, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-62.[Back]

136 Verheught FW. Aspirin, the poor man's statin? Lancet 1998; 351: 227-8.[Back]

137 Dyslipidaemia Advisory group, on behalf of the scientific committee of the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. 1996 National Heart Foundation clinical guidelines for the assessment and management of dyslipidaemia. NZ Med J 1996; 109: 224-31.[Back]

138 Scotttish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Lipids and the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. SIGN, Edinburgh 1998.[Back]

139 Bambauer R, Rucker S, Weber U, Kohler M. Comparison of low molecular weight heparin and standard heparin in hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1990; 36: 646-9.[Back]

140 Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Andrew M. Benefit of heparin in peripheral venous and arterial catheters: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998; 316: 969-75.[Back]

141 Bern MM, Lokich JJ, Wallach SR, Bothe A Jr, Benotti PN, Arkin CF, et al. Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 423-8. [Back]

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144 Evans JM, McGregor E, McMahon AD, McGilchrist MM, Jones MC, White G, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospitalisation for acute renal failure. QJM 1995; 88: 551-7.[Back]

145 He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. JAMA 1998; 280: 1930-5.[Back]

146 Weil J, Colin-Jones D, Langman M, Lawson D, Logan R, Murphy M, et al. Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ 1995; 310: 827-30.[Back]

147 Roderick PJ, Wickes HC, Meade TW. The gastrointestinal toxicity of aspirin: an overview of randomised controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35: 219-26.[Back]

148 Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Jurgelon JM, Sheehan J, Koff RS, Shapiro S. Risk of aspirin-associated major upper-gastrointestinal bleeding with enteric-coated or buffered product. Lancet 1996; 348: 1413-6.[Back]

149 Meade TW, Roderick PJ, Brennan PJ, Wilkes HC, Kelleher CC. Extra-cranial bleeding and other symptoms due to low dose aspirin and low intensity oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 1-6. [Back] [section 11] [section 13]

150 British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Working Party of the Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for platelet transfusions. Transfus Med 1992; 2: 311-8. [Back]

151 Hawkey CJ. Drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders. Medicine 1998; 26(10): 122-5.[Back]

152 Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 1995; 108: 258s-275s. [Back] [section 12.1] [section 12.1.1] [section 12.2]

153 Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, Hirsh J. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest 1995; 108: 276s-290s. [Back]

154 British National Formulary. London: BMA; 1998. [Back] [section 12] [section 13]

155 Boneu B. Low molecular weight heparin therapy: is monitoring needed? Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 330-4.[Back]

156 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Helicobacter Pylori: Eradication Therapy in Dyspeptic Disease. SIGN, Edinburgh 1996. [Back]

157 Tait RC, Sefcick A. A warfarin induction regimen for out-patient anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Br J Haematol 1998; 101: 450-4.[Back]

158 Oates A, Jackson PR, Austin CA, Channer KS. A new regimen for starting warfarin in out-patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46: 157-61.[Back]

159 Bussey HI, Chiquette E, Amato MG. Anticoagulation clinic care versus routine medical care: a review and interim report. J Thrombos Trombolys 1996; 2: 315-9. [Back] [section 13] [section 14]

160 Poller L, Shiach CR, MacCallum PK, Johansen AM, Münste AM, Magalhâes A, et al. Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. Lancet 1998; 352: 1505-9. [Back] [section 13] [section 14]

161 Shetty HGM, Routledge PA. Computer-assisted anticoagulation. In Verstraete M, Fuster V, Topol EJ, editors. Cardiovascular thrombosis: Thrombocardiology and thromboneurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia Lippincott; 1998. P.843-9.[Back]

162 Bernardo A. Experience with patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. J Thrombos Thrombolys 1996; 2: 321-5. [Back]

163 Joint Working Group on Quality Assurance. Guidelines on the control of near-patient tests and procedures performed on patients by non-pathology staff. In: Roberts BE, Wood K, editors. Standard haematology practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1994. p278-9. [Back]

164 Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Viero P, Galli M, Remuzzi A, Parenzan L, et al. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis attending an anticoagulation clinic. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69: 316-20. [Back]

165 Katsuki T, Saito M, Noda T, Yaginuma T, Hosoda S. Long-term follow-up in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy: potency of therapy and complications. J Cardiol 1994; 24: 203-9. [Back]

166 Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 897-902.[Back]

167 Fihn SD, McDonell M, Martin D, Henikoff J, Vermes D, Kent D, et al. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin optimized outpatient follow-up study group. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 511-20. [Back]

168 Franke CL, de Jonge J, van Swieten JC, Op de Coul AA, van Gijn J. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke 1990; 21: 726-30. [Back]

169 Routledge PA. Management of bleeding induced by oral anticoagulants. Prescr Journal 1993; 33: 59-63. [Back]

170 Shetty HG, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Routledge PA. Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 13-5. [Back]

171 Taberner DA, Thomson JM, Poller L. Comparison of prothrombin complex concentrate and vitamin K1 in oral anticoagulant reversal. BMJ 1976; 2: 83-5. [Back]

172 Andersen P, Godal HC. Predictable reduction in anticoagulant activity of warfarin by small amounts of vitamin K. Acta Med Scand 1975; 198: 269-70. [Back]

173 Pengo V, Banzato A, Garelli E, Zasso A, Biasiolo A. Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation: low oral dose of phytonadione (vitamin K1) compared with warfarin discontinuation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolys 1993; 4: 739-41. [Back]

174 Park BK, Scott AK, Wilson AC, Haynes BP, Breckenridge AM. Plasma disposition of vitamin K1 in relation to anticoagulant poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 655-62. [Back]

175 Fredriksson K, Norrving B, Stromblad LG. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1992; 23: 972-7. [Back]

176 Makris M, Greaves M, Philips WS, Kitchen S, Rosendaal FR, Preston FE. Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the relative efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma and clotting factor concentrate on correction of the coagulopathy. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 477-80.[Back]

177 Loken S, Allen JE, Stults BM. Special problems in anticoagulation therapy: cancer and venous thromboembolism-temporary discontinuation of warfarin for surgery and invasive procedures. J Thrombos Trombolys 1996; 2: 289-93. [Back]

178 Kearon C, Hirsh J. Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1506-11. [Back]

179 Parekh R, Ghee C. Evaluation of a pharmacist controlled anticoagulation clinic. Br J Pharm Pract 1987; 9: 370-81. [Back] [section 13] [section 14]

180 Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Gray DR, Sax MJ, Ruffalo RL. Retrospective evaluation of a pharmacist-managed warfarin anticoagulation clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985; 42: 304-8.[Back] [section 13] [section 14]

181 Radely SA, Hall J. The establishment and evaluation of a pharmacist-developed anticoagulation clinic. Pharmaceut J 1994; 252: 91-2. [Back] [section 13] [section 14]

182 Simmans A. Run an anticoagulation clinic. A pharmacy managed anticoagulation clinic: The Airedale Experience. Hosp Pharm Pract 1994; 4: 151-6. [Back] [section 13] [section 14]

183 Tan G, Cohen H, Taylor F, Gabbay J. Audit of start of anticoagulation treatment in inpatients. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 67-71. [Back] [section 14] [section 15] [annex 1] [annex 2]

184 Taylor F, Ramsay M, Renton A, Cohen H. Guidelines for anticoagulation. BMJ 1994; 309: 197. [Back] [section 14.4] [section 14.5] [section 15.1.1] [section 15.1.2]

185 Sudlow M, Rodgers H, Kenny RA, Thomson R. Population based study of use of anticoagulants among patients with atrial fibrillation in the community. BMJ 1997; 314: 1529-30. [Back]

186 Sudlow M, Thomson R, Thwaites B, Rodgers H, Kenny RA. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and eligibility for anticoagulants in the community. Lancet 1998; 352: 1167-71.[Back]

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