![[SIGN thistle header]](../../../images/page-header-template.jpg)
SIGN Guideline 119: Management of Patients with Stroke: Identification and Management of Dysphagia
Guideline Index Page | SIGN Methodology
1. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, England RE, Park CL, Wyatt R, Martin DF, et al. The natural history of dysphagia following a stroke. Dysphagia
1997;12(4):188-93.
2. Celifarco A, Gerard G, Faegenburg D, Burakoff R. Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of bilateral strokes. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85(5):610-3.
3. Buchholz DW. Clinically probable brainstem stroke presenting primarily as dysphagia and nonvisualized by MRI. Dysphagia 1993;8(3):235-8.
4. Nakagawa T, Sekizawa K, Nakajoh K, Tanji H, Arai H, Sasaki H. Silent cerebral infarction: a potential risk for pneumonia in the elderly. J Intern Med 2000;247(2):255-9.
5. Lee BC, Hwang SH, Chang GY. Isolated dysphagia due to a medullary infarction: a new lacunar syndrome. Eur Neurol 1999;41(1):53-4.
6. Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D. Swallowing function after stroke: prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 1999;30(4):744-8.
7. Daniels SK, Brailey K, Priestly DH, Herrington LR, Weisberg LA, Foundas AL. Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
1998;79(1):14-9.
8. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J. Aspiration in acute stroke: A clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 1993;86(12):825-9.
9. Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT. Dysphagia in acute stroke. BMJ 1987;295(6595):411-4.
10. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, Parks C, Morris J. Complications and outcome after acute stroke. Does dysphagia matter? [erratum appears in Stroke 1998 Jul;29(7):1480-1]. Stroke 1996;27(7):1200-4.
11. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J. The natural history and clinical consequences of aspiration in acute stroke. Q J Med 1995;88(6):409-13.
12. Barer DH. The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52(2):236-41.
13. Sala R, Munto MJ, de la Calle J, Preciado I, Miralles T, Cortes A, et al. Swallowing changes in cerebrovascular accidents: incidence, natural history, and repercussions on the nutritional status, morbidity, and mortality. Rev Neurol 1998;27(159):759-66.
14. Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES, Teasell RW. Prolonged length of stay and reduced functional improvement rate in malnourished stroke rehabilitation patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(4):340-5.
15. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. Influence of nutritional status on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(2):275-81.
16. Ellul J, Watkins C, Barer D. Frequency, clinical course and complications of dysphagia in acute stroke, studied using a standardised bedside swallowing assessment. The Merseyside and North West Stroke Dysphagia Collaboration; 1993. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/stroke-research-unit/costar/papD1.doc
17. Teasell RW, Bach D, McRae M. Prevalence and recovery of aspiration poststroke: a retrospective analysis. Dysphagia 1994;9(1):35-9.
18. Diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders (dysphagia) in acute-care stroke patients. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Evidence Report/ Technology Assessment 8; 1999. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/epcsums/dysphsum.htm
19. Ellul J, Gibson P, Barer D. Detection and management of swallowing problems in acute stroke: preliminary evaluation of a dysphagia management policy. The Merseyside and North West Stroke Dysphagia Collaboration; 1994. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/stroke-research-unit/costar/papD2.doc
20. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of patients with stroke. Rehabilitation, prevention and management of complications, and discharge planning. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2010. (SIGN publication no. 118). [cited Available from http://www.sign.ac.uk
21. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of patients with stroke or TIA: Assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2008. (SIGN publication no. 108). [cited 30 Apr 2010]. Available from url: http://www.sign.ac.uk
22. Cerebrovascular disorders: a clinical and research classification. World Health Organisation, Geneva; 1978.
23. Guidance on prescribing. In: The British National Formulary No. 59. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 2010.
24. [This reference has been deleted.]
25. [This reference has been deleted.]
26. Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia 2001;16(1):7-18.
27. Martino R, Pron G, Diamant N. Screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia in stroke: insufficient evidence for guidelines. Dysphagia 2000;15(1):19-30.
28. Holas MA, DePippo KL, Reding MJ. Aspiration and relative risk of medical complications following stroke. Arch Neurol 1994;51(10):1051-3.
29. DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ, Mandel FS, Lesser ML. Dysphagia therapy following stroke: a controlled trial. Neurology 1994;44(9):1655-60.
30. Schmidt J, Holas M, Halvorson K, Reding M. Videofluoroscopic evidence of aspiration predicts pneumonia and death but not dehydration following stroke. Dysphagia 1994;9(1):7-11.
31. Johnson ER, McKenzie SW, Sievers A. Aspiration pneumonia in stroke [corrected] [published erratum appears in Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994 Jun;75(6):665]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74(9):973-6.
32. Ding R, Logemann JA. Pneumonia in stroke patients: a retrospective study. Dysphagia 2000;15(2):51-7.
33. Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A, Chen Y, Murray JT, Lopatin D, et al. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia. Dysphagia 1998;13(2):69-81.
34. Kalra L, Yu G, Wilson K, Roots P. Medical complications during stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 1995;26(6):990-4.
35. Dromerick A, Reding M. Medical and neurological complications during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 1994;25(2):358-61.
36. Linden P, Siebens AA. Dysphagia: predicting laryngeal penetration. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983;64(6):281-4.
37. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, Park C, England R, Renwick DS, Wyatt R, et al. Can bedside assessment reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke? Age Ageing 1998;27(2):99-106.
38. Logemann JA, Veis S, Colangelo L. A screening procedure for oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 1999;14(1):44-51.
39. Horner J, Buoyer FG, Alberts MJ, Helms MJ. Dysphagia following brain-stem stroke. Clinical correlates and outcome. Arch Neurol 1991;48(11):1170-3.
40. Aviv JE, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Levin B, Sunshine S, et al. Laryngopharyngeal sensory testing with modified barium swallow as predictors of aspiration pneumonia after stroke. Laryngoscope 1997;107(9):1254-60.
41. Herbert S. A team approach to the treatment of dysphagia. Nurs Times 1996;92(50):26-9.
42. Nakajoh K, Nakagawa T, Sekizawa K, Matsui T, Arai H, Sasaki H. Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post-stroke patients with oral or tube feeding. J Intern Med 2000;247(1):39-42.
43. Terpenning MS, Taylor GW, Lopatin DE, Kerr CK, Dominguez BL, Loesche WJ. Aspiration pneumonia: dental and oral risk factors in an older veteran population. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49(5):557-63.
44. Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES, Teasell RW. Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up: prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995;76(4):310-6.
45. Davalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F, Soler S, Marrugat J, Molins A, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 1996;27(6):1028-32.
46. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden M. Nutritional status of hospitalized acute stroke patients. Br J Nutr 1998;79(6):481-7.
47. Royal College of Physicians. Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke. National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke. London: The College; 2000.
48. National Professional Standards for Dietitians Practising in Healthcare. British Dietetic Association; 1997. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.bda.uk.com
49. Nutrition - assessment and referral in the care of adults in hospital. Best Practice Statement. Nursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit; 2002. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.nmpdu.org/projects/nutbps.html
50. Cook Z, Kirk S, Lawrenson S, Sandford S. Challenging the use of body mass index (BMI) to assess under-nutrition in older people. Effective Practice Bulletin, Dietetics Today 2003;32.
51. DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ, Mandel FS. The Burke Screening Test for Dysphagia: validation of its use in patients with stroke. Stroke 1993;24(S52):173.
52. Splaingard ML, Hutchins B, Sulton LD, Chaudhuri G. Aspiration in rehabilitation patients: videofluoroscopy vs bedside clinical assessment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69(8):637-40.
53. McCullough GH, Wertz RT, Rosenbek JC. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical/bedside examination signs for detecting aspiration in adults subsequent to stroke. J Commun Disord 2001;34(1-2):55-72.
54. Cherney LR, Cantieri CA, Pannel JJ. Clinical evaluation of dysphagia. Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago procedure manual. Maryland: Aspen Systems Corporation; 1986.
55. Kennedy GD. A functional assessment of dysphagia. Speech Therapy in Practice 1991(April):27-8.
56. Linden P, Kuhlemeier KV, Patterson C. The probability of correctly predicting subglottic penetration from clinical observations. Dysphagia
1993;8(3):170-9.
57. Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Pauloski BR, Ohmae Y, Kahrilas PJ. Normal swallowing physiology as viewed by videofluoroscopy and videoendoscopy. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1998;50(6):311-9.
58. Leder SB, Espinosa JF. Aspiration risk after acute stroke: comparison of clinical examination and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Dysphagia 2002;17(3):214-8.
59. Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders. 2nd ed. Australia: Pro-Ed; 1998.
60. Logemann JA. Manual for the videofluorographic study of swallowing. San Diego: College Hill Press; 1986.
61. Kuhlemeier KV, Yates P, Palmer JB. Intra- and interrater variation in the evaluation of videofluorographic swallowing studies. Dysphagia 1998;13(3):142-7.
62. Aviv JE. Prospective, randomized outcome study of endoscopy versus modified barium swallow in patients with dysphagia. Laryngoscope 2000;
110(4):563-74.
63. Langmore SE, Schatz K, Olson N. Endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing and aspiration. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100(8):678-81.
64. Zenner PM, Losinski DS, Mills RH. Using cervical auscultation in the clinical dysphagia examination in long-term care. Dysphagia 1995;10(1):27-31.
65. Stroud AE, Lawrie BW, Wiles CM. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of cervical auscultation to detect aspiration in patients with dysphagia. Clin Rehabil 2002;16(6):640-5.
66. Zaidi NH, Smith HA, King SC, Park C, O’Neill PA, Connolly MJ. Oxygen desaturation on swallowing as a potential marker of aspiration in acute stroke. Age Ageing 1995;24(4):267-70.
67. Colodny N. Effects of age, gender, disease, and multisystem involvement on oxygen saturation levels in dysphagic persons. Dysphagia 2001;16(1):48-57.
68. Leder SB. Use of arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure as indirect objective physiologic markers to predict aspiration. Dysphagia 2000;15(4):201-5.
69. Sherman B, Nisenboum JM, Jesberger BL, Morrow CA, Jesberger JA. Assessment of dysphagia with the use of pulse oximetry. Dysphagia 1999;14(3):152-6.
70. Rowat AM, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP. Does feeding alter arterial oxygen saturation in patients with acute stroke? Stroke 2000;31(9):2134-40.
71. Colodny N. Comparison of dysphagics and nondysphagics on pulse oximetry during oral feeding. Dysphagia 2000;15(2):68-73.
72. Collins MJ, Bakheit AM. Does pulse oximetry reliably detect aspiration in dysphagic stroke patients? Stroke 1997;28(9):1773-5.
73. Roffe C, Sills S, Wilde K, Crome P. Effect of hemiparetic stroke on pulse oximetry readings on the affected side. Stroke 2001;32(8):1808-10.
74. Hirst LJ, Ford GA, Gibson GJ, Wilson JA. Swallow-induced alterations in breathing in normal older people. Dysphagia 2002;17(2):152-61.
75. Guidelines for screening and management of stroke patients with dysphagia. CODA collaborators; 1997. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/stroke-research-unit/coda/coguide.htm
76. Ramritu P, Finlayson K, Mitchell A, Croft G. Identification and nursing management of dysphagia in individuals with neurological impairment: a systematic review. Adelaide: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery; 2000.
77. Perry L. Screening swallowing function of patients with acute stroke. Part one: Identification, implementation and initial evaluation of a screening tool for use by nurses. J Clin Nurs 2001;10(4):463-73.
78. Magnus V. Dysphagia training for nurses in an acute hospital setting-a pragmatic approach. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2001;36(Suppl):375-8.
79. Davies S, Taylor H, MacDonald A, Barer D. An inter-disciplinary approach to swallowing problems in acute stroke. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2001;36(Suppl):357-62.
80. Miller R, Krawczyk K. Dysphagia training programmes: ‘Fixes that fail’ or effective inter-disciplinary working? Int J Lang Commun Disord 2001;36(Suppl):379-84.
81. Badley K, Bignall H. Managing dysphagia. Winchester: Winchester & Eastleigh Healthcare Trust; 1994.
82. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. Dysphagia Working Group. Recommendations for pre- and post-registeration and advanced level dysphagia education and training. London: The College; 1999. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.rcslt.org/pdfs/finalrep.doc
83. The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations, IR(ME)R. London: HMSO; 2000. (S.I. 1059, 2000). [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20001059.htm
84. McCullough GH, Wertz RT, Rosenbek JC, Mills RH, Webb WG, Ross KB. Inter- and intrajudge reliability for videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation measures. Dysphagia 2001;16(2):110-8.
85. Scott A, Perry A, Bench J. A study of interrater reliability when using videofluoroscopy as an assessment of swallowing. Dysphagia
1998;13(4):223-7.
86. Wilcox F, Liss JM, Siegel GM. Interjudge agreement in videofluoroscopic studies of swallowing. J Speech Hear Res 1996;39(1):144-52.
87. Rosenbek JC, Robbins JA, Roecker EB, Coyle JL, Wood JL. A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia 1996;11(2):93-8.
88. Han TR, Paik NJ, Park JW. Quantifying swallowing function after stroke: a functional dysphagia scale based on videofluoroscopic studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82(5):677-82.
89. Professional Standards Board: invasive procedures guideline. London: Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists; 1999.
90. [This reference has been deleted.]
91. Bath PMW, Bath FJ, Smithard DG. Interventions for dysphagia in acute stroke (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
92. Malthus-Vlelgen EM, Tytgat GN, Merkus MP. Feeding tubes in endoscopic and clinical practice: the longer the better. Gastrointest Endosc
1993;39:537-42.
93. Crocker KS, Krey SH, Steffee WP. Performance evaluation of a new nasogastric feeding tube. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1981;5(1):80-2.
94. Silk DB, Rees RG, Keohane PP, Attrill H. Clinical efficacy and design changes of “fine bore” nasogastric feeding tubes: a seven-year experience involving 809 intubations in 403 patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987;11(4):378-83.
95. Miller RE, Castlemain B, Lacqua FJ, Kotler DR. Percutaneous gastrostomy. Results in 316 patients and review of literature. Surg Endosc
1989;3(4):186-90.
96. Larson DE BD, Schroeder KW, DiMagno EP. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Indications, success, complications, and mortality in 314 consecutive patients. Gastroenterology 1987;93(1):48-52.
97. Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Buchanan NN, Stump TE, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48(9):1048-54.
98. Schurink CA, Tuynman H, Scholten P, Arjaans W, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: complications and suggestions to avoid them. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol
2001;13(7):819-23.
99. Finucane TE, Bynum JP. Use of tube feeding to prevent aspiration pneumonia. Lancet 1996;348:1421-4.
100. Panos MZ, Reilly H, Moran A, Reilly T, Wallis PJ, Wears R, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a general hospital: prospective evaluation of indications, outcome, and randomised comparison of two tube designs. Gut 1994;35(11):1551-6.
101. Davies S, Fall S, Ellul Y, Barer D. Dysphagia and nutrition after stroke: should more patients be considered for early percutaneous endoscopic gastroestomy feeding? Clin Rehabil 1998;12:162.
102. McFie J. Ethics and nutritional support: A clinician’s view. Clin Nutr 2001;20(Supp 1):87-99.
103. Rickman J. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: psychological effects. Br J Nurs 1998;7(12):723-9.
104. Elia M, Stratton RJ, Holden C, Meadows N, Micklewright A, Russell C, et al. Home enteral tube feeding following cerebrovascular accident. Clin Nutr 2001;20(1):27-30.
105. Harper JR, McMurdo ME, Robinson A. Rediscovering the joy of food: the need for long-term review of swallowing ability in stroke patients. Scott Med J 2001;46(2):54-5.
106. Groher ME, McKaig TN. Dysphagia and dietary levels in skilled nursing facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43(5):528-32.
107. Wijdicks EF, McMahon MM. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy after acute stroke: complications and outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9(2):109-11.
108. Russell CA, Rollins H. The needs of patients requiring home enteral tube feeding. Prof Nurse 2002;17(8):500-2.
109. McNamara EP, Flood P, Kennedy NP. Home tube feeding: an integrated multidisciplinary approach. J Hum Nutr Dietetics 2001;14(1):13-9.
110. Cook IJ, Kahrilas PJ. AGA technical review on management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Gastroenterology 1999;116(2):455-78.
111. Elmstahl S, Bulow M, Ekberg O, Petersson M, Tegner H. Treatment of dysphagia improves nutritional conditions in stroke patients. Dysphagia
1999;14(2):61-6.
112. Huckabee ML, Cannito MP. Outcomes of swallowing rehabilitation in chronic brainstem dysphagia: a retrospective evaluation. Dysphagia 1999;14:93-109.
113. Klor BM, Militani FJ. Rehabilitation of neurogenic dysphagia with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Dysphagia 1999;14:162-4.
114. Rosenbek JC, Roecker EB, Wood JL, Robbins J. Thermal application reduces the duration of stage transition in dysphagia after stroke. Dysphagia 1996;11(4):225-33.
115. British Dietetic Association and the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists joint document: National Descriptors for Texture Modification in Adults. 2002. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.bda.uk.com/Downloads/dysphagia.pdf
116. Clinical Standards: food, fluid and nutritional care in hospitals. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland; 2003. [cited 1 March 2004]. Available from url: http://www.nhshealthquality.org
117. [This reference has been deleted.]
118. [This reference has been deleted.]
119. [This reference has been deleted.]
120. [This reference has been deleted.]
121. [This reference has been deleted.]
122. [This reference has been deleted.]
123. [This reference has been deleted.]
124. Griffiths J, Lewis D. Guidelines for the oral care of patients who are dependent, dysphagic or critically ill. J Disabil Oral Health 2002;3(1):30-3.
125. Curzio J, McCowan M. Getting research into practice: developing oral hygiene standards. Br J Nurs 2000;9(7):434-8.
126. Thomson FC, Naysmith MR, Lindsay A. Managing drug therapy in patients receiving enteral and parenteral nutrition. Hosp Pharmacist
2000;7(6):155-64.
127. O’Loughlin G, Shanley C. Swallowing problems in the nursing home: a novel training response. Dysphagia 1998;13(3):172-83.
128. Lipner HS, Bosler J, Giles G. Volunteer participation in feeding residents: training and supervision in a long-term care facility. Dysphagia
1990;5(2):89-95.
129. Kohler ES. A dysphagia management model for rural elderly. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1991;10(1):81-95.
130. Laska AC, Hellblom A, Murray V, Kahan T, Von Arbin M. Aphasia in acute stroke and relation to outcome. J Intern Med 2001;249(5):413-22.
131. Tilling K, Sterne JA, Rudd AG, Glass TA, Wityk RJ, Wolfe CD. A new method for predicting recovery after stroke. Stroke 2001;32(12):2867-73.
132. Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fischer J. A prognostic index for 30-day mortality after stroke. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54(8):766-73.
133. Barba R, Morin MD, Cemillan C, Delgado C, Domingo J, Del Ser T. Previous and incident dementia as risk factors for mortality in stroke patients. Stroke 2002;33(8):1993-8.
134. Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act. 2000. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.hmso.gov.uk
135. Parr S, Pound C, Byng S, Long B. The Aphasia Handbook. London: Connect Press; 1999.
136. Kayser-Jones J. Mealtime in nursing homes: the importance of individualized care. J Gerontol Nurs 1996;22(3):26-31.
137. Moore K. Stroke: the long road back. RN 1994;57(3):50-5.
138. Nease RF, Owens DK. A method for estimating the cost-effectiveness of incorporating patient preferences into practice guidelines. Med Decis Making 1994;14(4):382-92.
139. O’Connor AM, Stacey D, Rovner D, Holmes-Rovner M, Tetroe J, Llewellyn-Thomas H, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
140. Barnes G, Lee F. Coordinating and planning services for stroke patients in hospital and the community. Br J Occup Ther 1995;58(4):158-60.
141. Carod-Artal FJ. Measurement of the quality of life in stroke survivors. Rev Neurol 1999;29(5):447-56.
142. Church R. Living happily ever after. J Care Pract 1994;3(2):52-60.
143. Exall K, Johnston H. Caring for carers coping with stroke. Nurs Times
1999:50-1.
144. Gabe-Skabowski M, Archini S, Bedinger K, Suzuki A. The home care team approach to dysphagia. Caring 1990;9(10):66-9.
145. Gardner PJ. Health education. Creative food tips and dysphagia. Home Care Provid 2000;5(6):204-5.
146. Hayn MA, Fisher TR. Stroke rehabilitation: salvaging ability after the storm. Nursing (Lond) 1997;27(3):40-6.
147. Hollinghurst V. The prisoner. Nurs Times 1998:28.
148. Hufler DR. Helping your dysphagic patient eat. RN 1987;50(9):36-8.
149. Pound P, Tilling K, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Does patient satisfaction reflect differences in care received after stroke? Stroke 1999;30(1):49-55.
150. Terrado M, Russell C, Bowman JB. Dysphagia: an overview. Medsurg Nurs 2001;10(5):233-50.
151. People’s experiences of NHSScotland: a survey of people who have had a stroke and the carers of those who have had a stroke. Edinburgh: Clinical Standards Board for Scotland; 2002. [cited 14 Feb 2003]. Available from url: http://www.nhshealthquality.org
152. McHorney CA, Robbins J, Lomax K, Rosenbek JC, Chignell K, Kramer AE, et al. The SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity. Dysphagia 2002;17(2):97-114.
153. Palmer JB, Kuhlemeier KV, Tippett DC, Lynch C. A protocol for the videofluorographic swallowing study. Dysphagia 1993;8(3):209-14.
154. [This reference has been deleted.]
155. Joonsson AC, Lindgren I, Norrving B, Lindgren A. Weight loss after stroke: A population-based study from the Lund Stroke Register. Stroke 2008;39(3):918-23.
156. Brynningsen PK, Damsgaard EM, Husted SE. Improved nutritional status in elderly patients 6 months after stroke. J Nutr Health Aging 2007;11(1):75-9.
157. Westergren A. Detection of eating difficulties after stroke: a systematic review. Int Nurs Rev 2006;53(2):143-9.
158. Crary MA, Carnaby-Mann GD, Miller L, Antonios N, Silliman S. Dysphagia and Nutritional Status at the Time of Hospital Admission for Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;15(4):164-71.
159. Martineau J, Bauer JD, Isenring E, Cohen S. Malnutrition determined by the patient-generated subjective global assessment is associated with poor outcomes in acute stroke patients. Clin Nutr 2005;24(6):1073-77.
160. Carnaby G, Hankey GJ, Pizzi J. Behavioural intervention for dysphagia in acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet neurology 2006;5(1):31-7.
161. Shaker R, Easterling C, Kern M, Nitschke T, Massey B, Daniels S, et al. Rehabilitation of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed patients with pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal UES opening. Gastroenterology 2002;122(5):1314-21.
162. Robbins J, Kays SA, Gangnon RE, Hind JA, Hewitt AL, Gentry LR, et al. The Effects of Lingual Exercise in Stroke Patients With Dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88(2):150-8.
163. Power ML, Fraser CH, Hobson A, Singh S, Tyrrell P, Nicholson DA, et al. Evaluating oral stimulation as a treatment for dysphagia after stroke. Dysphagia 2006;21(1):49-55.
164. Bülow M, Speyer R, Baijens L, Woisard V, Ekberg O. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in stroke patients with oral and pharyngeal dysfunction. Dysphagia 2008;23(3):302-9.
165. Freed ML, Freed L, Chatburn RL, Christian M. Electrical stimulation for swallowing disorders caused by stroke. Respir Care 2001;46(5):466-74.
166. Ludlow CL, Humbert I, Saxon K, Poletto C, Sonies B, Crujido L. Effects of surface electrical stimulation both at rest and during swallowing in chronic pharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 2007;22(1):1-10.
167. Food Trial Collaboration. Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke 2003;34(6):1450-6.
168. Dennis M, Lewis S, Cranswick G, Forbes J. FOOD: a multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. 2006;10(2). [cited Available from http://www.hta.ac.uk/execsumm/summ1002.htm
169. Milne AC, Avenell A, Potter J. Meta-analysis: Protein and energy supplementation in older people. Ann Intern Med 2006;144(1):37-48.
Guideline Index Page | SIGN Methodology
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,
Elliott House, 8-10 Hillside Crescent,
Edinburgh EH7 5EA
Tel. 0131 623 4720 Fax. 0131 623 4503 Web contact duncan.service@nhs.net
Last modified
27/02/12
© SIGN 2001-2012